There was an income tax during the Civil War. Tariffs by the US govt.on imported goods was a tax on the American consumer.
yes thats right and they were, as you you inferred ( consciously or not) they were temporary...
and here is the key-
The incomes of couples exceeding $4,000, as well as those of single persons earning $3,000 or more, were subject to a one percent federal tax.[5] Further, the measure provided a progressive tax structure, meaning that high income earners were required to pay at higher rates.
It would require only a few years for the federal income tax to become the chief source of income for the government, far outdistancing tariff revenues.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1913
the problem with all that? Once the gov. and I mean the house especially, started to taste the money , they spent it and wanted more, it just took enough time to understand how, and ratchet up their reach by enacting a tax code thats how many pages now?
And it still wasn't enough Roosevelt turned up the heat on marginal rates that less than 3000 people in the country would reach and, even then 30 years later they were at it again when they created the Alternative Minimum Tax, while marginal rates were 70% btw .....and they fucked that up to by not indexing it correctly (even if you believed it was a good bill).
The world of politics had another young player in the region and it was named the USofA. It costs money to throw your arms out into the world for control, and it has to come from some where.
Roads yes, all dirt, unless you lived in the city and it was paved with bricks and that was usually only the down town area.By the way, it was the truck freight hauling industry that wanted the interstate highway system. Even in Rome they made roads of stone for faster deployment of the military and for goods.
Yes the US also won the 1848 Opium War in which our govt forced China to buy opium by holding islands of theirs as ransom. Why? To deplete their gold reserve, so it's 9 wars they won. Did they include the 100 years Indian war in which they took their lands away from those that had lived there before, yes our Christian, God fearing ancestors were soo nice and humble in their pillage.
Railroads were built by private companies that the US loaned money to or they sold bonds, but it was not all done with their own money. Why?transportation of military and goods.