We knew the Japanese were trying to surrender, but we would not let them.
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However, the overwhelming historical evidence from U.S. and Japanese archives indicates that Japan would have surrendered in August even if the atomic bombs had not been used, and the documents show that President Truman and his closest advisors knew this.
The Allied demand for unconditional surrender caused the Japanese to fear that the emperor, whom many considered a deity, would be tried as a war criminal and executed. A study by General Douglas MacArthur’s Southwest Pacific Command compared the emperor’s execution to “the crucifixion of Christ for us.”
“Unconditional surrender is the only obstacle to peace,” sent Foreign Minister Shigenori Togo to Ambassador Naotake Sato, who was in Moscow on July 12, 1945, trying to convince the Soviet Union to negotiate acceptable surrender terms on behalf of Japan.
But the Soviet Union’s entry into the war on August 8 changed everything for the Japanese leadership, which privately acknowledged the need to surrender quickly.
Allied intelligence services had been warning for months that the Soviet Union’s entry into the war would force the Japanese to surrender. As early as April 11, 1945, the Joint Chiefs of Staff Intelligence had predicted, “If at any time the USSR enters the war, all Japanese will understand that absolute defeat is inevitable.”
Truman knew that the Japanese were looking for a way to end the war; he had described the cable intercepted from Togo on July 12 as “a telegram from the Emperor of Japan asking for peace.”
Truman also knew that the Soviet invasion would put Japan out of the war. At the Potsdam summit in Germany on July 17, after Stalin assured him that the Soviets were arriving on time, Truman wrote in his diary, “Will be at war with Japan on August 15. There will be no more Japanese when that happens.” The next day he assured his wife, “Now we’ll end the war a year early, and think of the children who won’t die!”
The Soviets invaded Japanese-controlled Manchuria at midnight on August 8 and quickly destroyed the venerable Kwantung Army. Predictably, the attack traumatized the Japanese leadership. They could not fight a war on two fronts, and the threat of a communist takeover of Japanese territory was their worst nightmare.
On August 13, Prime Minister Kantaro Suzuki explained that Japan must surrender quickly because “the Soviet Union will take not only Manchuria, Korea and Karafuto, but also Hokkaido.” This would destroy the foundations of Japan. We must end the war when we can deal with the United States.”
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For 75 years in the United States it has been accepted that dropping the bombs on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 and on Nagasaki three days later was the only way to end World War II without an invasi…
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