Since 2012, the
Ukrainian prosecutor general had been investigating Burisma's owner, oligarch
Mykola Zlochevsky, over allegations of
money laundering,
tax evasion, and corruption.
[68] In 2015,
Viktor Shokin became the prosecutor general, inheriting the investigation. The Obama administration, other governments, and
non-governmental organizations soon became concerned that Shokin was not adequately pursuing corruption in Ukraine, was protecting the political elite, and was regarded as "an obstacle to anti-corruption efforts".
[76][77] Among other issues, he was slow-walking the investigation into Zlochevsky and Burisma, to the extent that Obama administration officials were considering launching their own criminal investigation into the company for possible money laundering.
[68] Shokin has said he believes he was fired because of his Burisma investigation, where Hunter Biden was allegedly a subject. However, that investigation was dormant at the time Shokin was fired.
[73][78] In December 2015, then-vice president Biden visited Kyiv and informed the Ukrainian government that $1 billion in loan guarantees would be withheld unless anti-corruption reforms were implemented, including the removal of Shokin.
[79] Ukraine's parliamentvoted to dismiss Shokin in March 2016.
[79][80] The loan guarantees were finally approved on June 3, after additional reforms were made.
[79]
At the time,
corruption in Ukraine was a matter of bipartisan concern in the U.S., with Republican Senators
Rob Portman,
Mark Kirk, and
Ron Johnson co-signing a
Senate Ukraine Caucus letter in February 2016 urging then-President Poroshenko to implement reforms, including "to press ahead with urgent reforms to the Prosecutor General's office".
[81] Biden was not alone in targeting Shokin for anti-corruption reasons; he was joined by other European and U.S. officials. Former U.S. ambassador to Ukraine
Geoffrey Pyatt and the assistant secretary of state
Victoria Nuland both said in 2015 that Shokin's office was failing to root out corruption. In March 2016, testimony to the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee, former ambassador to Ukraine
John E. Herbst stated, "By late fall of 2015, the EU and the United States joined the chorus of those seeking Mr. Shokin's removal" and that Joe Biden "spoke publicly about this before and during his December visit to Kyiv."
During the same hearing, Nuland stated, "we have pegged our next $1 billion loan guarantee, first and foremost, to having a rebooting of the reform coalition so that we know who we are working with, but secondarily, to ensuring that the prosecutor general's office gets cleaned up."
[82] Meanwhile, protests within Ukraine were calling for Shokin's removal, and the
International Monetary Fund (IMF) also threatened to delay $40 billion of aid in light of corruption in Ukraine.
[83] Anders Åslund, a resident senior fellow at the
Atlantic Council, said that "Everyone in the Western community wanted Shokin sacked ... The whole
G-7, the IMF, the EBRD [
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development], everybody was united that Shokin must go, and the spokesman for this was Joe Biden."
[76] The
European Union eventually praised Shokin's dismissal due to a "lack of tangible results" of his office's investigations, and also because people in Shokin's office were themselves being investigated.
[84]
As of May 16, 2019, when the prosecutor general's office cleared Biden and his son of alleged corruption,
[85] there is no evidence that Biden acted to protect his son's involvement with Burisma, although Trump, Giuliani, and their allies have fueled speculation.
[71][86][87]Shokin's successor,
Yuriy Lutsenko, initially took a hard line against Burisma, but within a year, Lutsenko announced that all legal proceedings and pending criminal allegations against Zlochevsky had been "fully closed".
[68] In a related 2014 investigation by the
United Kingdom, British authorities froze U.K. bank accounts tied to Zlochevsky; however, the investigation was later closed due to a lack of evidence.
[88] Lutsenko said in May 2019 that there was no evidence of wrongdoing by the Bidens, but he was planning to provide information to Attorney General William Barr about Burisma board payments so American authorities could verify whether Hunter Biden had paid U.S. taxes.
[85]