The first political factions, cohering around a basic, if fluid, set of principles emerged from the
Exclusion Crisis and
Glorious Revolution in late-17th-century
England.
[1] The
Whigs supported
Protestant constitutional monarchy against
absolute rule and the
Tories, originating in the
Royalist (or "
Cavalier") faction of the
English Civil War, were conservative royalist supporters of a strong monarchy as a counterbalance to the
republican tendencies of
Parliament.
[2]
[...]
When they lost power, the old Whig leadership dissolved into a decade of factional chaos with distinct "
Grenvillite", "
Bedfordite", "
Rockinghamite", and "
Chathamite" factions successively in power, and all referring to themselves as "Whigs". Out of this chaos, the first distinctive parties emerged. The first such party was the
Rockingham Whigs[6] under the leadership of
Charles Watson-Wentworth and the intellectual guidance of the
political philosopher Edmund Burke. Burke laid out a philosophy that described the basic framework of the political party as "a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest, upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed". As opposed to the instability of the earlier factions, which were often tied to a particular leader and could disintegrate if removed from power, the party was centred around a set of core principles and remained out of power as a
united opposition to government.
[7]
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