What is a Commodity Market?
1. What is a commodity market?
Commodity market is a place where trading in commodities takes place. It is similar to an Equity market, but instead of buying or selling shares one buys or sells commodities.
2. How old are the commodities market?
The commodities markets are one of the oldest prevailing markets in the human history. In fact derivatives trading started off in commodities with the earliest records being traced back to the 17th century when Rice futures were traded in Japan.
3. What are the different types of commodities that are traded in these markets?
World-over one will find that a market exits for almost all the commodities known to us. These commodities can be broadly classified into the following:
Precious Metals: Gold, Silver, Platinum etc
Other Metals: Nickel, Aluminum, Copper etc
Agro-Based Commodities: Wheat, Corn, Cotton, Oils, Oilseeds, etc.
Soft Commodities: Coffee, Cocoa, Sugar etc
Live-Stock: Live Cattle, Pork Bellies etc
Energy: Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Gasoline etc
4. What are the different segments in the commodities market?
The commodities market exits in two distinct forms namely the Over the Counter (OTC) market and the Exchange based market. Also, as in equities, there exists the spot and the derivatives segment. The spot markets are essentially over the counter markets and the participation is restricted to people who are involved with that commodity say the farmer, processor, wholesaler etc. Majority of the derivative trading takes place through exchange-based markets with standardized contracts, settlements etc.
5. What are the characteristics of Over The Counter (OTC) commodity markets?
The OTC markets are essentially spot markets and are localized for specific commodities. Almost all the trading that takes place in these markets is delivery based. The buyers as well as the sellers have their set of brokers who negotiate the prices for them. This can be illustrated with the help of the following example: A farmer, who produces castor, wishing to sell his produce would go to the local ‘mandi’. There he would contact his broker who would in turn contact the brokers representing the buyers. The buyers in this case would be wholesalers or refiners. In event of a deal taking place the goods and the money would be exchanged directly between the buyer and the seller. Thus it can be seen that this market is restricted to only those people who are directly involved with the commodity.
In addition to the spot transactions, forward deals also take place in these markets. However, they too happen on a delivery basis and hence are restricted to the participants in the spot markets.
6. What are the characteristics of the Exchange Traded markets?
The exchange-traded markets are essentially only derivative markets and are similar to equity derivatives in their working. I.e. everything is standardized and a person can purchase a contract by paying only a percentage of the contract value. A person can also go short on these exchanges. Also, even though there is a provision for delivery most of the contracts are squared-off before expiry and are settled in cash. As a result, one can see an active participation by people who are not associated with the commodity.
7. Do the commodity exchanges facilitate delivery?
The commodity exchanges do facilitate delivery, although it has been observed world-over that only 2% of all the trades result in actual delivery.
8. Why is the percentage of delivery ratio very low in the exchange based commodity derivatives?
Many people who participate in the exchanges are those who are not involved with the physical trading of the commodity. Thus they would not like receiving delivery and would not be in a position to give delivery.
Standardized contracts make an unfeasible proposition for any trader to give or take delivery. E.g. if the size of 1 soya contract is 10MT, a trader cannot buy / sell 15MT of soya through the exchange. Also one cannot avail a credit facility in the exchanges that may be available in the local market. These and a host of other factors deter a person from giving / receiving delivery through the exchanges.
9. What is the size of the commodities market as compared to the equity market?
In the developed markets the volumes on the exchange-based commodity derivates markets are about five times more than that of the equity markets.