Rare meteorite older than the planets found in field

Yep, two different processes. Three, really, if you delineate by time, and differentiate between the first tiny clumps of matter and when the planets were virtually fully formed.

First, the Sun ignited in a rotating gas cloud, a dense region of which collapsed to form the Sun and ignite fusion at its core. After the Sun ignited and as the gas cloud became denser and spun faster and faster (preserving angular momentum), the protoplanetary disk flattened out a bit. Matter was now closer together and started clumping. It also started differentiating, with the makeup of elements closer to the baby Sun being heavier elements than the elements further from the baby Sun..

Naturally, the tiny clumps formed first (when this meteorite was formed). Only later did the Earth form at nearly the same mass it has today, percentage-wise (about 50-70 million years later).

Whoa ... hydrogen flash would have caused the solar system to be evacuated ... we have tremendous thermal and radiative pressures outbound after this event, blowing out most of the remaining materials (which was mostly hydrogen to begin with) ... material not already gravitational bound as a proto-planet would be gone probably well within a million years after the Sun's ignition ...

The process you described only makes sense for the four rocky inner planets ... sounds like this idea fails with the large gas giants, Jupiter is almost massive enough to ignite herself ... binary star systems are quite common ... you're assuming a uniform and homogeneous coalescence, when what we see in the universe is irregular and turbid clouds in the star forming regions of space ... the resulting clumping would need to have occurred before the Sun ignited, before our current equilibrium state formed, when only gravity was at work ...

Once ignited, the thermal and radiative shock wave would have stopped and reversed the inbound flow of material ... and fairly quickly ... any planets that survive this will be mostly formed already, her own gravity holding things together ...

Thus my question ... this rock and the Earth are the same material formed at the same time ... why do we say one is older than the other ... when all we can really say is this rock is older than the material we find on Earth's surface ... which has been subject to 4.6 billion years of weathering and subduction ...

Fluid mechanics all over again ...
 
material not already gravitational bound as a proto-planet would be gone
We can just look up and see that is not the case. The asteroid belt is full of material that was never a proto planet. We can tell by looking at the composition of the material we find from there. Protoplanets cause the material within to differentiate due to gravity. We can train our telescopes on nascent stars with disks of material rotating about them.


this rock and the Earth are the same material formed at the same time
Somewhat yes, but 10s of millions of years then passed before the Earth was formed.
 

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