In analysis focused specifically on driver
inattention (Klauer, Dingus, Neale, Sudweeks, & Ramsey, 2006), the researchers reported that driver involvement in secondary tasks contributed to 22% of all crashes and near-crashes in the study. Comparing the frequency of specific secondary tasks at the time of crashes and near-crashes to their frequency during a random sample of periods of normal driving during which no crashes or near-crashes occurred, the researchers found that the secondary task that resulted in the greatest increase in the risk of being involved in a crash or near-crash was reaching for a moving object. Reading and applying makeup while driving were both associated with more than tripling of the odds of being involved in a crash or near-crash. Eating was associated with a 57% increase in the odds of being involved in a crash or nearcrash. Dialing a hand-held device was associated with nearly triple the odds of being involved in a crash or near-crash, and talking or listening to a hand-held device was associated with about a 30% increase in the odds of being involved in a crash or near-crash. Dialing hand-held devices was found to have been a contributing factor in 3.58% of crashes and near-crashes, and talking/listening on hand-held devices was a contributing factor in 3.56% of crashes and near-crashes. Both dialing and talking/listening on handheld devices contributed to significantly greater percentages of crashes and near-crashes than did any of the other secondary tasks that were studied—even though some of the other secondary tasks were associated with higher risk—because drivers dialed and talked on cell phones much more frequently than they engaged in most other secondary tasks.