401K's are a wonder way to invest for retirement. Unfortunately many workers don't take full advantage of them. According to industry data, the average contribution percentage for workers saving in a 401(k) is around 6 percent. Workers contribute the least when they should be contributing the most, when they're young. Then they try to make up for it by contributing the most when they are approaching retirement and their money doesn't have time to grow. I know someone who was planning to retire in 2008. He started maxing out his contributions in 2005 which of course didn't work out that well.
401(k)'s are a nice retirement tool ... but they are not the panacea the government would have you believe.
If you remember, your contribution to the 401(k) is pre-tax dollars. When you withdraw that money, you pay at your normal income tax rate. HOWEVER - the profit made on your investments is also taxed at the normal income tax rate.
The only thing that really makes 401(k)s a valuable asset is the 'employer contribution'. Every employee should contribute up to the amount that maximizes the employer contribution - AND NOT ONE CENT MORE!!!!! Instead, invest that extra money as you normally would - and pay capital gains tax instead. In the long run, you will make more money that way.
Despite all the government propaganda - 401(k)s, IRAs, etc. are not government inducements to invest in your retirement. They are a method to increase your tax liability - and their income. Always ask yourself - who is the one truly benefiting from this program? I know of no government-incentivized program that benefits you - only the tax collector.
That is not true to the best of my knowledge.
If you own an investment outside of a retirement account, the growth of that money is taxed.
So if I have $100,000, in a basic investment, and it grows 10%, that's $10,000, I would owe taxes on that $10,000 at the end of the year. Capital gains would be 15%, so $1,500 in additional taxes.
In a 401K, you don't pay any taxes on that growth.
Of course Roth 401K and IRA, is better. You pay the taxes upfront, and pay no tax on the growth, OR the income at retirement.
ALL investments are taxed ... it's just a question of when (obviously, exluding some unique government bonds).
Let's work with your scenario ....
You put $100,000 in pre-tax dollars, and it grows by $10,000 - When you cash out the 401(k), you owe taxes on $110,000 at
normal income tax rate - for this case, we will assume 25%. You now owe not $1,500 in taxes, but rather $25,250. (The tax on your contribution is deferred, not forgiven). Thus, after distribution and taxes, you receive a grand total of $84,750.
(This, of course, ignores any employer contribution .... that's why the smart move is to always invest the minimum necessary to maximize the employer contribution. It's free money - except that, you DO have to pay taxes on it when you withdraw it).
The Roth IRA, on the other hand, is built with post-tax dollars. So, your pre-tax $100K converts to $75K investment (after you pay the taxes). Therefore, when you cash out (after making a commensurate $7,500), you will only receive $82,500
That presumes, of course, that your tax level remains constant. If, on the other hand, you invested the $100K during a time when your tax rate was 15%, your taxes on that initial investment would be $15,000, not the $25,000 you would pay with your higher tax rate at retirement. (Remember, all government programs only benefit the government - all you are trying to do is to minimize your loss through taxes. Somehow, we've gotten this idea that allowing the government to steal less of our money is a success). Why would you make an investment without considering the tax consequences?