The Truth About the Ukraine Crisis is That History Really Doesn't Matter That Much
3-3-14
by David Austin Walsh
Austin Walsh is the editor of the History News Network.
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There are only a handful of people in North America who know as much about Eastern Europe as Padraic Kenney. A professor of history at Indiana University, Bloomington, Kenney is the author of numerous books and articles on the history of Eastern Europe, and is regarded as one of the leading historians of modern Poland in the United States. A Fulbright fellow, Kenneys most recent book is The Burdens of Freedom: Eastern Europe Since 1989.
With the deepening crisis in Ukraine, the movement of Russian and now reportedly Polish troops to near the Ukrainian border, I talked with Professor Kenney about the Polish position in the crisis, as well as the [limited] role of ethnic conflict in the standoff and the wrong lessons for policymakers to have drawn from the Yugoslav Wars and about why -- shockingly -- ancient ethnic hatreds, the bread-and-butter of "History" really aren't a factor in Ukraine right now.
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Professor Kenney, you are an historian of Eastern Europe and the former ***Soviet Union, and in particular Poland. Donald Tusk, the Polish prime minister, had a stern warning today about the situation in Ukraine, and I believe Polish troops are moving toward the Ukrainian border. Could you walk us through Polands interest in Ukraine?
Sure. I think Poland has two interests.
Number one, we cant be too surprised that the Poles would be a little bit concerned about any fighting just to their east, and Ukraine is right next door. There have been comments as far as I can see unsubstantiated that Belarus might also in some way mobilize its troops, perhaps to help out Putin, and that would alarm Poland even more. Theres a geopolitical aspect that is perfectly natural even if you didnt have the experience of World War II.
But then in addition to that really, entirely separate from that, in my opinion you also have Polands sense that Poles have a kind of responsibility for Ukrainian democracy, because Poles were successful in gaining democracy in 89. That sentiment increased when Ukrainians demonstrated for and won their independence in 1991. That happened because the Soviet Union fell apart, of course, but Ukrainians were very engaged in that, and a lot of Poles were excited about Ukrainian independence. And again, you have the Orange Revolution in 2004/2005. So theres been that sort of tradition that Ukrainian independence and democracy and prosperity is something that matters to Poles because of Polish history.
That raises another point. To what extent are historical factors entering into the -- Im going to ask you to play psychologist here for a moment. To what extent are historical factors entering into the minds of decision-makers in all of this? Because it seems that there are a variety of both contemporary political narratives and deep historical narratives that politicians on all sides of this crisis are drawing upon. And Poland of course has a deep history we talk about 1989, but theres a deep history going back well before World War II, during the Russian Revolution and indeed well before then of involvement in territories in at least western Ukraine.
Incidentally, is there still a substantial Polish population in that part of Ukraine?
There are still Poles in western Ukraine, but not in very large numbers. You have a larger Polish population now in Lithuania then you do in Ukraine. (Theres also a relatively large one in Belarus, by the way.) To a large extent that was sorted out in the aftermath of World War II through ethnic cleansing: Poles moving out of Ukraine, Ukrainians moving out of Poland.
But look, the larger issue that you raise is what difference do historical memories make? The perception that Ukrainians have of Poles has been gradually improving over the last two decades, and Poland and Ukraine have very laboriously gone through discussion of painful parts of their mutual past. So, for example, Polands war with the Soviets in 1919 and 1920, which gave the Poles a hold on what is now Ukrainian soil (including very briefly an occupation of Kiev), but more importantly the Volhynian massacres of 1943
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