In this article, read about how detectives in the Chicagoland area investigated a case of Romani travelers who believe they have been blessed with the “divine right” to steal.
losspreventionmedia.com
Travelers are part of the Romani culture whose groups historically move from one area to the next. Some groups adhere to, and act upon, a cultural belief in their “divine right” to commit theft and fraud. Many of the travelers involved in this investigation had origins in Poland, and had recently entered the country illegally with the intent to take part in this criminal enterprise. They were identified by detectives as the primary suspects in the sudden increase in criminal activity.
“There were many different clans consisting of families and groups of travelers that worked together with the same objectives—to steal,” added Thayer. “But detectives soon learned that the residential burglaries were only a small part of their operation. What we learned as the investigation moved forward is that the large-scale operation and their primary source of income was actually ORC. This was a sophisticated group of thieves using everything at their disposal to commit retail crimes and then use illicit fencing operations to sell millions of dollars in retail products.”
Unam sanctam
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Unam sanctam[a] is a
papal bull that was issued by
Pope Boniface VIII on 18 November 1302. It laid down
dogmatic propositions on the unity of the Catholic Church, the necessity of belonging to it for eternal salvation, the position of the Pope as supreme head of the Church and the duty thence arising of submission to the Pope in order to belong to the Church and thus to attain salvation. The Pope further emphasized the higher position of the spiritual in comparison with the secular order. The historian
Brian Tierney calls it "probably the most famous" document on
church and state in medieval Europe.
[1] The original document is lost, but a version of the text can be found in the registers of Boniface VIII in the
Vatican Archives.
[2] The bull was the definitive statement of the late medieval theory of
hierocracy, which argued for the
temporal as well as spiritual supremacy of the pope.
[3]
Boniface VIII,
Bishop of Rome
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Background[edit]
The bull was promulgated during an ongoing dispute between
Boniface VIII and King
Philip IV of France (Philip the Fair).
[4] Philip had levied taxes on the French clergy of half their annual income. On 5 February 1296, Boniface responded with the papal bull
Clericis laicos that forbade clerics, without authority from the Holy See, to pay taxes to temporal rulers, and threatened excommunication on rulers who demanded such payments.
[5]
King Edward I of England defended his own taxing powers by putting defiant clergy under
outlawry, a Roman law concept withdrawing their protection under the
English common law,
[6] and confiscated the temporal properties of bishops who refused his levies. As Edward was demanding an amount well above the tenth offered by the clergy, Archbishop of Canterbury
Robert Winchelsey left it to every individual clergyman to pay as he saw fit.
[7]
In August 1296 King Philip imposed an embargo forbidding export of horses, arms, gold, and silver, effectively keeping the French clergy from sending taxes to Rome and blocking a main source of papal revenue. Philip also banished from France papal agents raising funds for a new
crusade.
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