http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17441692.2013.859720
".
A particularly serious and well-documented set of refusals occurred in Nigeria. Between July 2003 and August 2004, five northern Nigerian states suspended the use of OPV. Zamfara, Kaduna, Bauchi and Niger states rejoined National Immunisation Days within a few months but Kano state authorities did not allow vaccination to resume until a year later (IRIN,
2004IRIN. (2004).
Two more northern states ban polio vaccination. Retrieved from
http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId = 48720).
The boycotts proved a huge setback for polio eradication. Incidence in Nigeria jumped from 202 in 2002 to 1143 in 2006 and Nigerian strains of the virus spread across Africa and beyond (Aylward & Heymann,
2005Aylward, R. B., &
Heymann, D. L.(2005). Can we capitalize on the virtues of vaccines? Insights from the polio eradication initiative.
American Journal of Public Health,
95,773–777. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.055897). Outbreak response activities cost the GPEI over $500 million (Kaufmann & Feldbaum,
2009Kaufmann, J., &
Feldbaum, H. (2009).Diplomacy and the polio immunization boycott in Northern Nigeria.
Health Affairs,
28,1091–1101. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.28.4.1091).
The boycotts ostensibly came about in response to rumours, endorsed by high-ranking public figures, that OPV was an American conspiracy to spread HIV and cause infertility in Muslim girls..."