In 1998, Harman Mining Company president Hugh Caperton filed a lawsuit against
A.T. Massey Coal Company alleging that Massey fraudulently canceled a coal supply contract with Harman Mining, resulting in its going out of business. In August 2002, a
Boone County, West Virginia jury found in favor of Caperton and awarded $50 million in damages.
[1]
While the case was awaiting hearing in the
West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals, A.T. Massey's
Chief Executive Officer,
Don Blankenship, became involved in the election campaign pitting incumbent Supreme Court Justice
Warren McGraw against
Charleston lawyer
Brent Benjamin. Blankenship created a non-profit corporation called "And for the Sake of the Kids" in order to force McGraw off the court and replace him with Benjamin
[2] through which he contributed over $3 million in Benjamin's behalf, an amount which, if it had been contributed directly to his campaign,
was about 3,000 times the maximum permissible direct contribution to an election campaign.[
Writing for the majority,
Justice Kennedy called the appearance of a conflict of interest so "extreme" that Benjamin's failure to recuse himself constituted a violation of the plaintiff's Constitutional right to due process under the Fourteenth Amendment. Justice Kennedy noted that not every campaign contribution by a litigant creates a probability of bias that requires a judge's recusal. Justice Kennedy wrote, "We conclude that there is a serious risk of actual bias — based on objective and reasonable perceptions —
when a person with a personal stake in a particular case had a significant and disproportionate influence in placing the judge on the case by raising funds or directing the judge's election campaign when the case was pending or imminent."
"The inquiry," Justice Kennedy wrote,
"centers on the contribution's relative size in comparison to the total amount of money contributed to the campaign, the total amount spent in the election, and the apparent effect such contribution had on the outcome of the election." Applying that test, Justice Kennedy ruled for the Court that "
Blankenship's significant and disproportionate influence—coupled with the temporal relationship between the election and the pending case—"' "offer a possible temptation to the average . . . judge to . . . lead him not to hold the balance nice, clear and true."' "On these extreme facts the probability of actual bias rises to an unconstitutional level."
In holding that Justice Benjamin's participation in the case was a violation of due process, the Court made no finding of actual bias by Justice Benjamin: "In other words, based on the facts presented by Caperton, Justice Benjamin conducted a probing search into his actual motives and inclinations; and he found none to be improper. We do not question his subjective findings of impartiality and propriety. Nor do we determine whether there was actual bias."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caperton_v._A.T._Massey_Coal_Co.