Study in American Exceptionalism:
Navassa
Navassa is a small island off the coast of Haiti, claimed in that country's constitution since Haiti's beginning in 1804. It's an uninhabited and unforgiving repository of unique flora and fauna, scorpions, and lots and lots of bird shit.
So what? Exactly. Nobody cared, including Haiti itself, until 1856, when our sterling US Congress passed the -- and I'm not making this up ---
Guano Islands Act of 1856, which declared by
royal American Exceptionalist fiat that US citizens could "take possession of islands containing
guano deposits. The islands can be located anywhere, so long as they are not occupied and not within the jurisdiction of other governments. It also empowers the
President of the United States to use the military to protect such interests and establishes the criminal jurisdiction of the United States" (Wiki, op. cit.) The Guano Act "appertained" over 100 islands in the Caribbean, Pacific and Gulf of Mexico (including Midway) over the next years.
Got that? We just up and declared that if you find an island festooned in bird shit and nobody's living there, you can just take it. Which actually sounds halfway reasonable if no country claims it (
terra nullius)... but why is Congress passing bird shit legislation in the first place?
Always something behind the story. Seems American farmers, having depleted the fertility of this new frontier with relentless planting of tobacco and cotton, were seeing diminishing returns from Nature (a kind of hubris in itself of the same mentality) and started importing guano from Peru. Guano from seabirds was discovered to be an excellent fertilizer.
The next year (1857) along comes American merchant marine Peter Duncan to claim the island of Navassa under the Guano Act, which he then flips to a guano trader in Jamaica who flips it to a company in Baltimore. All of this despite the fact that Navassa isn't
terra nullius at all but a declared part of Haiti since its beginning over half a century earlier. President Buchanan then issues an Executive Order upholding the claim and directs the US military to enforce it.
Let's recap.
Congress says you can take an island if nobody claims it;
Duncan takes one that's part of Haiti to sell it off;
Haiti protests;
POTUS threatens military action to protect -- not the country, but
the interests of a business in Baltimore.
(In the next two years of course Buchanan would fail to protect the country from
internal forces rending it apart and set the table for the Civil War, the failure for which he's widely regarded one of the worst Presidents of all time.)
Epilogue: Once the War Between the States subsided, and in the milieu of a devastated populace desperate for work, the Baltimore company brought 140 black workers to Navassa with half a dozen white overseers to mine the petrified guano (dangerous dirty disgusting work using dynamite). The hapless workers were signed on as little more than indentured slaves and, of course, confined to the island The unspeakable conditions led to a revolt in 1889 and the mining was never the same, the Navassa Phosphate Company folded, and later synthetic chemical fertilizer rendered guano less attractive as a resource.
Navassa was used as a lighthouse base by the Coast Guard for a while once ship traffic to the Panama Canal (which is a similar story, taking Panama from Colombia) started operating, but the lighthouse was abandoned once technologies like GPS made it superfluous. Yet,
to this day Navassa is "administered" by the US Department of the
Interior ----- despite being a part of
Haiti. The irony of that is so thick you'd need dynamite to mine it. We basically walked in and declared "we're taking over". Not even a birdshit royalty check.
Doesn't get much more hubristic than that. And that's the sort of thing I think of when I hear the term "American Exceptionalism".