Development of Palestinian Nationalism Post-WWI
The economic and demographic impact of World War I was devastating on Palestinians. The political and psychological damage was also severe. The Ottoman Empire collapsed, so everyone previously part of the empire lost Ottomanism as a source of identity. This was replaced by national identities – present before 1914 but strengthened by President Wilson's program for national self-determination (remember the Wilsonian Principle). As we saw, World War I ended with an almost-total political loss for Arabs throughout the region. The promises of the McMahon-Hussein correspondence never materialized; Arab sovereignty was denied.
At the early stages, nationalism for Palestinians meant patriotism for "Greater Syria," an entity created under the British Mandate government that encompassed Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and Jordan. While the British viewed Greater Syria as little more than a bureaucratic entity, many Arab residents viewed it as a beacon of Arab independence and unity.
They believed that Greater Syria would one day become an independent Arab nation. Nationalism for Greater Syria overlapped with and reinforced the newly-emerging Arab nationalism.
Faisal bin Al Hussein (son of Sharif Hussein) the newly-elected king of Syria, courted Palestinian support through anti-Zionist resolutions. Palestinians got behind Greater Syria, viewing it as the best option for overcoming Zionism and British rule. However, King Faisal betrayed the Palestinians through agreements with the Zionist leadership, dividing the movement. Then in 1920, the San Remo conference gave France the mandate for Syria. The French invaded, took over Syria, divided it up, exiled Faisal, and ended all aspirations for Greater Syria as an independent Arab nation. Syrian identity quickly faded for Palestinians.
From 1917 to 1920, Palestinians repeatedly confronted fundamental identity questions. The British gave Faisal Iraq, and his brother Abdullah was given the new Transjordan – made up of land previously part of Palestine. These new boundaries drawn around Iraq, Syria, and Transjordan were bad for Palestinian political aspirations. Once-contiguous areas were now divided up – and so was their power. As residents of the other territories started focusing on their own nationalist goals (and stopped voicing a strong opposition of Zionism), Palestinians turned their attention to Palestinian independence. By the 1920s, a uniquely Palestinian nationalism began to emerge.
At the Third Arab Congress in 1920, the Palestinians presented their platform for independence: "Public recognition of Palestine, as it would be constituted by the mandate, as a distinct political entity for the people living there, a total rejection of any political or moral right of the Jews over Palestine, a declaration of unity among the Palestinian Arabs to supersede any other loyalties, such as those to religion, region, and clan, a call to the new administration to halt any transfers of Arab or state lands to Jewish control, the demand to close Palestine to further Jewish immigration, a call to recognize the Arab Executive Committee as the legitimate representative of the population before the British authorities."
By 1921, Palestinian nationalism, separate from Syrian and Arab nationalism, was evident in the press. This Palestinian identity co-existed and sometimes conflicted with identification of clans, religious groups, city and town loyalties, and urban/rural divides. Conflicts arose, and leaders proved unable to move past them or move their populations past them in order to build a powerful or unified national front.
But a clear Palestinian nationalism had developed.
Source: Development of Palestinian Nationalism Post-WWI | What Happened Before That? Zionist and Palestinian Nationalist Histories