" Searching For An Explanation For Economic Handicaps "
* Peer Pressure And Disposition *
I've always wondered. What about sitting next to a person of a different race makes for a better education? Isn't it "racist" to suggest that blacks can't learn unless they're sitting next to whites?
The objectives for school desegregation were to establish the commonplace acceptance of individuals of different races within communities , whenever it came to occur , rather than maintaining forced segregation .
Associating with other individuals whose competence of interests aspire towards technical expertise exposes one to areas of thought and skill sets that they may not have otherwise considered or sought to pursue on their own .
That white societies are more likely to be familiar with technically challenging areas of interest may be a motivator by those seeking to use busing as a means to raise standards of communities with less exposure to , or lower acumen for , advanced or competent skills .
Alternatively , allowing the interests of sub capacity abilities or faulty ambitions could lead one down a path of dereliction , or complacency , or incompetence , where those with the least capacity for improvement seek to influence the hierarchy of social direction where education excellence or ambitious attitudes as a priority is diminished .
Culture-only hypotheses have not explained the mean Black–White group differences in IQ. (They have especially not explained the findings on East Asians.) One early view was that the mean Black–White group difference in IQ was due to the then obvious differences in (segregated) school facilities (Myrdal, 1944). However, despite the U.S. Supreme Court Brown v. Board of Education (1954) decision striking down segregated schooling, and the consequent nation-wide program of school busing, the mean Black–White group difference has not decreased. Moreover, the Coleman Report (Coleman et al., 1966) found that the racial composition of schools per se was not related to achievement in either Blacks or Whites. Most of the variation in IQ scores occurred within schools and less than 20% occurred between schools. Negligible, and in some cases, negative correlations were found between IQ and variables such as pupil expenditure, teachers’ salaries, teachers’ qualifications, student/teacher ratios, and the availability of other school professionals (see also Coleman, 1990 –1991).
The most frequently stated culture-only hypothesis is that the mean IQ differences are due to SES. In fact, controlling for SES only reduces the mean Black–White group difference in IQ by about a third, around 5 IQ points. The genetic perspective does not regard this control for SES as being entirely environmental. It holds that the parents’ socioeconomic level in part reflects their genetic differences in intelligence. Moreover, according to the culture-only theory, as Black groups advance up the socioeconomic ladder, their children should be less exposed to environmental deficits and therefore should do better and, by extension, close the distance separating the Black mean with the White. In fact, the magnitude of the mean Black–White group difference in IQ for higher SES levels, when measured in standard deviations, is larger (Herrnstein & Murray, 1994, pp. 286 –289).