The Torrijos–Carter Treaties (Spanish:
Tratados Torrijos-Carter) are two
treaties signed by the United States and
Panama in Washington, D.C., on September 7, 1977, which superseded the
Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty of 1903. The treaties guaranteed that Panama would gain control of the
Panama Canal after 1999, ending the control of the canal that the U.S. had exercised since 1903. The treaties are named after the two signatories, U.S. President
Jimmy Carter and the Commander of
Panama's National Guard, General
Omar Torrijos.
The Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty (
Spanish:
Tratado Hay-Bunau Varilla) was a treaty signed on November 18, 1903, by the United States and
Panama, which established the
Panama Canal Zone and the subsequent construction of the
Panama Canal. It was named after its two primary negotiators,
Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla, the French diplomatic representative of Panama, and United States Secretary of State
John Hay.
Terms
The terms of the treaty stated that the United States was to receive rights to a canal zone which was to extend five miles on either side of the canal route in perpetuity, and Panama was to receive a payment from the U.S. up to $10 million and an annual rental payment of $250,000. Panama never legally became a colony of the United States; the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty gave the United States governance only in the Canal Zone.
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Aftermath
This treaty was a source of conflict between Panama and the United States since its creation. The Canal Zone became a racially and socially segregated area, set aside from the country of Panama. The push for environmental determinism seemed to be the best framework to justify American practices in Panama. The conflict from the treaty reached its peak on
January 9, 1964, with riots over sovereignty of the
Panama Canal Zone. The riot started after a Panamanian flag was torn during conflict between Panamanian students and Canal Zone Police officers, over the right of the Panamanian flag to be flown alongside the U.S. flag. U.S. Army units became involved in suppressing the violence after the
Canal Zone Police were overwhelmed. After three days of fighting, about 22 Panamanians and four U.S. soldiers were killed. This day is known in Panama as
Martyrs' Day.
The events of January 9 were considered to be a significant factor in the U.S. decision to negotiate the 1977
Torrijos–Carter Treaties, which finally abolished the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty and allowed the gradual transfer of control of the Canal Zone to Panama and the handover of full control of the Panama Canal on December 31, 1999.
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