The Moslems drove out the Byzantine Romans.
{...
the country enjoyed peace and prosperity until 611, when
Khosrow II, king of Persia, launched an invasion of Byzantine territory. His troops captured Jerusalem (614), destroyed churches, and carried off the
True Cross. In 628 the Byzantine emperor
Heraclius recovered Palestine, and he subsequently restored the True Cross to Jerusalem, but 10 years later Arab armies invaded both the Persian and the Byzantine empires.
The successful unification of the
Arabian Peninsula under Islam by the first caliph,
Abū Bakr (632–634), made it possible to channel the expansion of the Arab Muslims into new directions. Abū Bakr, therefore, summoned the faithful to a
holy war (
jihad) and quickly amassed a large army.
...
The first battle took place at Wadi Al-ʿArabah, south of the
Dead Sea. The Byzantine defenders were defeated and retreated toward Gaza but were overtaken and almost
annihilated. In other places, however, the natural advantages of the defenders were more effective, and the invaders were hard-pressed.
Khālid ibn al-Walīd, then operating in southern Iraq, was ordered to the aid of his fellow Arab generals on the Syrian front, and the combined forces won a bloody victory on July 30, 634, at a place in southern Palestine that the sources call Ajnādayn. All of Palestine then lay open to the invaders.
...}
Palestine - Roman Rule, Jewish Revolts, Crusades: After the destruction of Jerusalem, a legion (X Fretensis) was stationed on the site, and the rank of the provincial governor was raised from procurator to legatus Augusti, signifying a change from equestrian to senatorial rank. Caesarea...
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And with the Romans gone, finally some Jews started to return to Palestine.
But not many, because Jews are not supposed to be there.
And the Crusades around 1100 wiped out any Jews there once again.