Polish Greatness

[SobieskiSavedEurope]

Erazm Jerzmanowski - Polish millionaire

06-25-2009
last update 06-25-2009, 13:37

Erazm Józef Jerzmanowski (1844-1909) lived in New York for over twenty years; a long time in a wonderful home on Madison Ave. at number 818.

Google+TumblrFacebookTwitterMore

He was one of the leading figures in the life of the then American Polonia. An energetic industrialist, patron of education and science gained recognition of industrial spheres and professionals as the founder of "Equitqble Gas Light Co." (1882) and its president for 13 years. He also founded gas companies in Chicago, Baltimore, Troy, Albany, Yonkers, Brookly, Utica, and Memphis. He perfected the technologies of the gas industry with 17 patents. The network of gas companies brought profits. Jerzmanowski made a millionth wealth.

He was born on June 2, 1844 in Tomisławice (Kalisz). He came from a landowning family. He graduated from high school in Warsaw. Studies at the Polytechnic Institute in Puławy interrupted the January Uprising in which he took part. After his fall he took refuge in Galicja, and from there he went to France, where he continued his education, among others. at the School of Engineering and Military Artillery in Metz. He fought in the Franco-Prussian war. The defeat of France dispelled the hopes of Polish exiles.Jerzmanowski remained in France. He received a job with Jessie de Motey, an industrialist specializing in the production of lighting gas. The company sent him to the United States where he came in 1873.

In addition to his professional work, which he devoted a lot of time, Jerzmanowski did not lose contact with the "old country". He was interested in Polonia's affairs and emigration, which he opposed. On his initiative and thanks to his finances, on December 25, 1886, the Central Charity Committee in New York was founded, the purpose of which was to help the Poles arriving here. Apart from Jerzmanowski, actively involved in the Committee were: Dr. Wincenty Krzyżanowski, Karol Bodzenta Chłapowski, Ignacy Pawłowski, Dr. Wincenty Żółnowski, priest. Hieronim Klimecki. The Committee opened a recruitment office for Polish immigrants. Erazm Jerzmanowski founded and financed the Association for Help for the Poor. He subsidized both parish schools, reading rooms, summer camps for children and nurserymies operating in the Polonia and in the country. He financed the stained-glass windows of Józef Mehoffer in the Wawel cathedral, he sent permanent subsidies for the Polish Gymnasium in Cieszyn, the Polish Theater in Krakow, the Ziemski Bank in Poznań, the People's Reading Society in Poznań, and the Kasa im. Mianowski and Opieki im. Jerzmanowski's parents (Franciszek and Kamila from Kossowski) in Warsaw. In Jersey City, NJ founded the church of St. Anthony of Padua. It is difficult to estimate the entire material benefits of this man for various purposes. For example, it can be pointed out that in the years 1886-1896 his dedication was calculated for PLN 50,000. dollars. In 1890, Jerzmanowski entered the Council of the National Museum in Raperswill, Switzerland, bringing a round sum to the ticket office of this institution.

In 1896, Jerzmanowski and his wife, an American, Anna of the Koesters decided to leave America. He settled in Prokocim near Krakow, where he often came for holidays.He took care of education. He founded a magazine for peasants "Polish People". The Society of the People's School appointed Jerzy Jerzmanowski an honorary member because he owed his development to him and his money.

Erazm Jerzmanowski died on February 7, 1909, after previous pneumonia and partial paralysis of the brain. The estate was written by his wife, and after her death (1912), the Erasmus and Anna Jerzmanowski Foundation came into force, while the Academy of Skills (from 1919 Polish Academy of Learning) took the distribution of the awards.Total 40 thousand crowns (the equivalent of 12 kg of gold) was first granted in 1915. It was received by Henryk Sienkiewicz and Ignacy J. Paderewski. The war destroyed the foundation, and the communist authorities caused the abandonment of the PAU (1952).

The Krakow environment, represented by the Friends of Prokocimia Society Erasmus and Anna Jerzmanowski (existing since 1989), the Order of Father Augustians, the authorities of the Krakow and Małopolska local governments, and the "Krakow News" took care of the reminder of this great Pole. The occasion is the hundredth anniversary of his death and his 165th birthday. The patron of the celebrations was taken by Cardinal Metropolitan of Cracow, Fr. Stanisław Dziwisz and the president of Cracow prof. Jacek Majchrowski. There were exhibitions and lecture

Google Translate

 

[SobieskiSavedEurope]

Jan Józef Baranowski (born on September 7, 1805 in Śmiłowicze [1] , died on March 30, 1888 in London ) -Polish economist and financier , nobleman, linguist, engineer and the greatest inventor from the group of theGreat Emigration . [ necessary footnote ] He was the author of many inventions in the field of railways , communications, accounting and calculating machines, including semaphore , ticket validator and gas meter [2][3] .

Table of Contents

• 1Biography
• 2Inventions
• 3Publications
• 4Commemoration
• 5Footnotes
• 6External links

Biography [ edit | edit code ]
Jan Józef Baranowski was born in Śmiłowicze in the then Ihumensky poviat in the Minsk region from the Polish noble association of the Grzymała Marcin Baranowski coat of arms with Maryanna z Szalkiewiczów [4] .

He began his education at a nobleman's escort run by priests from the monastery in Śmiłowicz , and continued in the classical gymnasium in Minsk . In the years 1821-1825, he studied at the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of the University of Vilnius , and in the years 1825-1828 at the Faculty of Law of this university, obtaining the degree of candidate . Immediately after graduating, he was employed in the office of the foreign correspondence of the Bank of Poland [5] [3] .

He participated as a volunteer in the November Uprising . Initially, he served in the Gidow Corps, and later in the 5th Uhlans regiment . The unit he fought in was part of the forces of General Girolam Ramorin and at the end of the uprising he withdrew to Austria [5] [3] , where he was interned.

From 1832, Baranowski was in exile in France - in Gray , Lyon and Chalon-sur-Saône , where he worked as a banker and merchant in department stores.In 1837, he moved to Paris , taking up the cashier's job at the bank of Jelski, Dussard et Compagne . In the years 1843-1848 he worked as a counting inspector for the Paris- Rouen - Le Havre railway. The bookkeeping system developed by him for the needs of this company was highly rated and implemented by other French railroad companies. After 1848, he quit his job and devoted himself entirely to inventive activity [5] [3] .

In 1871, after the end of the Franco-Prussian War , France was obliged to pay a high contribution . Baranowski presented the government loan plan to the authorities, which made it possible. He received no prize for his offer, which caused him to be discouraged by France and in 1872 he left for London. He worked there as a secretary of the Literary Society of the Friends of Poland (associated with the camp of Hôtel Lambert ) and took care of, among others,development of dictionaries [5] [3] . He was a polyglot who, apart from Polish, also knew German , French and English [4] . In 1880 he developed, among others The Student's Anglo-Polish Grammar textbook for learning Polish for English speakers.

Inventions [ edit | edit code ]

Automatic rail signaling system - Semaphore invented by Baranowski in 1857

A machine for calculating votes cast in elections invented in 1848 by Jan Baranowski
He was the author of many technical inventions, 17 of which were patented in France. His inventions include:

• gas meter ,
• manual ticket validator - the principle of operation and the construction of the device were similar to those used today, for this invention Baranowski received in 1849 at the National Exhibition in Paris the medal of the Minister of Public Works of France and the medal of the French Society for Incentives,
• a machine for printing and ticket control - enabling printing of tickets at a rate of 5,000 for an hour. She was awarded in 1851 at the Universal Exposition in London,
• Semaphore , an automatic railway signaling system - Baranowski's invention from 1857 was for the first time practically used on the Paris - Rouen line , and in November this year on the Paris- St Germain line [5] . The Baranowski system was also introduced a year later in Italy on the Genoa - Turin railway line and after modernization on the Paris- Brussels line. It was presented in 1862 at the World Exhibition in London [2] and was later also used in England.
• accounting machine used to control bills ( tax machine ) - in 1849 at the national exhibition in Paris, the inventor received for this invention a medal from the French Society for Incentives to Invention,
• device for copying letters,
• a voting machine invented in 1848, patented a year later [6] and used to calculate votes [2] [5] [3] .

Publications [ edit | edit code ]
Jan Józef Baranowski published in English, French and Polish. He moved the issues of inventiveness and language subjects in them:

• Taxe-machine (1848) [7] ,
• Application de la taxe machine (1849) [8]
• Nouveau système de voter au moyen d'un appareil dit: Scrutateur Mécanique (1849) [9]
• Projet de Statuts pour la formation d'une Societé anonyme sous le titre de Caisse Générale de France(1854) [10]
• Taxe machine applicable à toutes les opérations de calcul, inventée par Jean-Joseph Baranowski (1855) [11] ,
• Notice sur les signaux Baranowski (1959) [12] ,
• Signal Baranowski (1859) [13] ,
• Nouveaux systèmes des signaux-disques sans contre-poids et des lanternes sans poulies ni chaines (1864) [14] ,
• Simple System for Checking the Passengers' Fares in Omnibuses Or Tramways (1877) [15] ,
• Vademecum de la langue française (1879) [16] ,
• The Student's Anglo-Polish Grammar (1880) [5]
• Anglo-Polish Lexicon (1884) [17] ,
• Exception from the general list of mechanical inventions (1886) [18] .

At the end of his life, he documented his inventions and published his biography in French and English.

Google Translate

 

[SobieskiSavedEurope]

Scot's rescuer makes historic descent of K2 on skis
By Steven McKenzieBBC Scotland Highlands and Islands reporter

• 25 July 2018

• Share this with Facebook
  
• Share this with Messenger
  
• Share this with Twitter
  
• Share this with Email
  
• Share

Image copyrightMAREK OGIEN
Image captionAndrzej Bargiel during his historic feat to ski down K2
A Polish adventurer involved in the rescue of a Scottish mountaineer in the Himalayas has completed the first descent of K2 on skis.

Andrzej Bargiel's brother Bartłomiej operated a drone that was used to locate Aberdeen-born Rick Allen after he got into difficulty on Broad Peak.

Allen, a highly experienced mountaineer, was in the region with Newtonmore-based Sandy Allan.

Andrzej Bargiel skied from the summit of K2, the world's second highest peak.

Image copyrightMAREK OGIEN
Image captionAndrzej Bargiel first attempted the descent last year

Image copyrightMARCIN KIN
Image captionThe route the Polish adventurer took down the world's second highest peak
The historic venture, which required required extensive pre-planning of the route descended, was first attempted last year but had to be postponed due to dangerous weather conditions.

Andrzej Bargiel dedicated Sunday's feat to 100th anniversary of Poland regaining its independence.

Image copyrightMAREK OGIEN
Image captionAndrzej Bargiel during his ski attempt
Earlier this month, Mr Allen, 65, was returning from a solo climb to the summit of 8,047m (26,401ft) Broad Peak when he fell.

He was knocked unconscious and also suffered cuts and frostbite during his ordeal.

A base camp cook saw his rucksack high on the mountainside as the climber attempted to make his own way down off the mountain, 36 hours after his ordeal began.


ADVERTISEMENT
The Polish brothers' drone was used to confirm that it was Mr Allen, and then direct Sherpas and climbers to where he was to help him to safety.

Scot's rescuer makes historic K2 descent

 

[SobieskiSavedEurope]

Prof. Maria Siemionow
1

Outstanding surgeon, transplantologist and the author of the first in the United States and fourth in the world successful face transplant.
Born on 27 May 1950. A graduate of the Poznań University of Medical Sciences, she currently lives in the United States, where she has been the Director of Plastic Surgery Research and the Head of Microsurgery Training at the Cleveland Clinic since 1995. It is one of the five largest and most prominent hospitals in the USA.

During her scholarship at the US Christine Kleinert Institute in Louisville, Kentucky, from 1985 Professor Siemionow focused on reconstructive hand surgery. Dealing with children who had burnt hands, she noticed that many of them also had damaged faces because when they wanted to protect themselves, they instinctively hid them in their hands. That is why the reconstructive face surgery has become her next objective.

In 2008, a team of doctors led by her in a 22-hour surgery performed a transplantation of 80 percent of face surface on a woman who suffered from a shot. It was the most comprehensive face transplantation to date, requiring connecting numerous bones, muscles, nerves and blood vessels. The patient received the upper jaw, the upper lip, cheeks, the nose and the lower lid, which enabled her to breath, speak and eat on her own, as well as to regain the sense of taste and smell.

Professor Maria Siemionow has received the Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland. She has also been awarded with an honorary degree of the Poznań University of Medical Sciences.

Prof. Maria Siemionow

 

[SobieskiSavedEurope]

Poland’s pride - the European bison
1048

• f the nature reserves, visit places in Europe where it has been reintroduced, or simply go online.

• See also:
• Bisons online
• Facebook - Bisons online
• Białowieża Forest
• Trip planner
• Add to trip planner

It is not a coincidence that the European bison, a close cousin of the American bison, is dubbed the king of the wilderness. An adult bull weighs up to 900 kilograms and its height at withers can reach 180 cm. Charging, it can reach speeds of up to 40 km/h, and both the male and female boast impressive horns, which they never shed. A few thousand years ago, these majestic creatures roamed across Europe. However, hundreds of years of hunting drove the species the brink of extinction. The last wild European bison became extinct at the beginning of the 20th century.

Intensive breeding programmes conducted by zoological gardens helped to save Europe’s largest mammal. The first European bison were released into the wild in Bialowieza Forest back in 1929. As a result, the forest is now home to the world’s largest herd of these animals, consisting of around 500 wisents. Although still very rare, European bison are considered by scientists to be safe as a species.

The number of bison in the world is estimated at 5,000, half of which live in Central Europe. In Poland, three quarters of the local population of these great mammals live in the wild. You can come across them not only in Bialowieza Forest, but also in the Bieszczady Mountains, in Masuria and in West Pomerania.

The best time to watch bison in their natural habitat is the winter – this is when they gather in larger herds and leave visible tracks in the snow. One should bear in mind that wild, agitated or frightened animals can cause serious injury. That is why it is best to watch them from a safe distance, equipped with binoculars.

In captivity, the European bison can also be seen in zoological gardens or show reserves located close to the natural habitat of wild herds. The most well-known one is located in the Białowieża Forest – in the last preserved part of the primeval forest that once covered Europe. Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the reserve between Hajnówka and Białowieża is home to many other animal species, including tarpan horses, wolves, wild boars, deer and elk. An exceptional attraction is the żubroń, a result of Polish cross-breeding of the bison and domestic cattle.

Saved by Polish naturalists, the animal is gradually being reintroduced in other countries. In the past, Poland exported bison to France, Germany, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic and Hungary. Only in 2012, seven animals were brought from the Białowieża Forest to the Almindingen Forest on the Danish Island of Bornholm. The initiative was put forward by the Danish Ministry of the Environment, with the hope of increasing biodiversity and attracting tourists. At present, the herd inhabits a fenced area. If it does not pose any threat to people, it will be released to roam free in a few years time. With abundant forests and a similar climate to Poland, the bison should feel right at home.

MJ, AS

Admiring the Polish bison
Since 2012, thanks to efforts taken by the Polish State Forests, anyone can admire the Polish bison from any place in the world. On a forest glade close to the northern border of the Białowieża Forest, foresters installed a webcam. It broadcasts a live stream from the spot where the feed is put out for the a

Poland’s pride - the European bison

 

[Toro]

 

[SobieskiSavedEurope]

Polish architecture students win plaudits in Spain
26.08.2018 09:00
Architecture students from a Polish university have won top awards in an international competition to design social housing in Valencia, Spain.

An aerial view of the eastern Spanish city of Valencia. Image: Themil/pixabay.com/CC0 Creative Commons

Paweł Pacak and Katarzyna Ponińska, students at the Department of Architecture at the Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice, southern Poland, teamed up to claim first place in the #ValenciaCall international competition.

Their winning design was inspired by the atmosphere of Spain and its lifestyle.

Second place went to a five-strong Polish team of Marta Błaszczyk, Anna Czapla, Filip Gawin, Kacper Kania and Marlena Michalska.

The #ValenciaCall competition, held by the Start for Talents website, attracted a total of 113 submissions from students around the world.

Polish architecture students win plaudits in Spain

 

[Godboy]

Jan Józef Baranowski (born on September 7, 1805 in Śmiłowicze [1] , died on March 30, 1888 in London ) -Polish economist and financier , nobleman, linguist, engineer and the greatest inventor from the group of theGreat Emigration . [ necessary footnote ] He was the author of many inventions in the field of railways , communications, accounting and calculating machines, including semaphore , ticket validator and gas meter [2][3] .

Table of Contents

• 1Biography
• 2Inventions
• 3Publications
• 4Commemoration
• 5Footnotes
• 6External links

Biography [ edit | edit code ]
Jan Józef Baranowski was born in Śmiłowicze in the then Ihumensky poviat in the Minsk region from the Polish noble association of the Grzymała Marcin Baranowski coat of arms with Maryanna z Szalkiewiczów [4] .

He began his education at a nobleman's escort run by priests from the monastery in Śmiłowicz , and continued in the classical gymnasium in Minsk . In the years 1821-1825, he studied at the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of the University of Vilnius , and in the years 1825-1828 at the Faculty of Law of this university, obtaining the degree of candidate . Immediately after graduating, he was employed in the office of the foreign correspondence of the Bank of Poland [5] [3] .

He participated as a volunteer in the November Uprising . Initially, he served in the Gidow Corps, and later in the 5th Uhlans regiment . The unit he fought in was part of the forces of General Girolam Ramorin and at the end of the uprising he withdrew to Austria [5] [3] , where he was interned.

From 1832, Baranowski was in exile in France - in Gray , Lyon and Chalon-sur-Saône , where he worked as a banker and merchant in department stores.In 1837, he moved to Paris , taking up the cashier's job at the bank of Jelski, Dussard et Compagne . In the years 1843-1848 he worked as a counting inspector for the Paris- Rouen - Le Havre railway. The bookkeeping system developed by him for the needs of this company was highly rated and implemented by other French railroad companies. After 1848, he quit his job and devoted himself entirely to inventive activity [5] [3] .

In 1871, after the end of the Franco-Prussian War , France was obliged to pay a high contribution . Baranowski presented the government loan plan to the authorities, which made it possible. He received no prize for his offer, which caused him to be discouraged by France and in 1872 he left for London. He worked there as a secretary of the Literary Society of the Friends of Poland (associated with the camp of Hôtel Lambert ) and took care of, among others,development of dictionaries [5] [3] . He was a polyglot who, apart from Polish, also knew German , French and English [4] . In 1880 he developed, among others The Student's Anglo-Polish Grammar textbook for learning Polish for English speakers.

Inventions [ edit | edit code ]

Automatic rail signaling system - Semaphore invented by Baranowski in 1857

A machine for calculating votes cast in elections invented in 1848 by Jan Baranowski
He was the author of many technical inventions, 17 of which were patented in France. His inventions include:

• gas meter ,
• manual ticket validator - the principle of operation and the construction of the device were similar to those used today, for this invention Baranowski received in 1849 at the National Exhibition in Paris the medal of the Minister of Public Works of France and the medal of the French Society for Incentives,
• a machine for printing and ticket control - enabling printing of tickets at a rate of 5,000 for an hour. She was awarded in 1851 at the Universal Exposition in London,
• Semaphore , an automatic railway signaling system - Baranowski's invention from 1857 was for the first time practically used on the Paris - Rouen line , and in November this year on the Paris- St Germain line [5] . The Baranowski system was also introduced a year later in Italy on the Genoa - Turin railway line and after modernization on the Paris- Brussels line. It was presented in 1862 at the World Exhibition in London [2] and was later also used in England.
• accounting machine used to control bills ( tax machine ) - in 1849 at the national exhibition in Paris, the inventor received for this invention a medal from the French Society for Incentives to Invention,
• device for copying letters,
• a voting machine invented in 1848, patented a year later [6] and used to calculate votes [2] [5] [3] .

Publications [ edit | edit code ]
Jan Józef Baranowski published in English, French and Polish. He moved the issues of inventiveness and language subjects in them:

• Taxe-machine (1848) [7] ,
• Application de la taxe machine (1849) [8]
• Nouveau système de voter au moyen d'un appareil dit: Scrutateur Mécanique (1849) [9]
• Projet de Statuts pour la formation d'une Societé anonyme sous le titre de Caisse Générale de France(1854) [10]
• Taxe machine applicable à toutes les opérations de calcul, inventée par Jean-Joseph Baranowski (1855) [11] ,
• Notice sur les signaux Baranowski (1959) [12] ,
• Signal Baranowski (1859) [13] ,
• Nouveaux systèmes des signaux-disques sans contre-poids et des lanternes sans poulies ni chaines (1864) [14] ,
• Simple System for Checking the Passengers' Fares in Omnibuses Or Tramways (1877) [15] ,
• Vademecum de la langue française (1879) [16] ,
• The Student's Anglo-Polish Grammar (1880) [5]
• Anglo-Polish Lexicon (1884) [17] ,
• Exception from the general list of mechanical inventions (1886) [18] .

At the end of his life, he documented his inventions and published his biography in French and English.

Google Translate

Oh my god. These pitiful inventions are making me even more sad for you dumb Pollocks.

 

[SobieskiSavedEurope]

Jan Józef Baranowski (born on September 7, 1805 in Śmiłowicze [1] , died on March 30, 1888 in London ) -Polish economist and financier , nobleman, linguist, engineer and the greatest inventor from the group of theGreat Emigration . [ necessary footnote ] He was the author of many inventions in the field of railways , communications, accounting and calculating machines, including semaphore , ticket validator and gas meter [2][3] .

Table of Contents

• 1Biography
• 2Inventions
• 3Publications
• 4Commemoration
• 5Footnotes
• 6External links

Biography [ edit | edit code ]
Jan Józef Baranowski was born in Śmiłowicze in the then Ihumensky poviat in the Minsk region from the Polish noble association of the Grzymała Marcin Baranowski coat of arms with Maryanna z Szalkiewiczów [4] .

He began his education at a nobleman's escort run by priests from the monastery in Śmiłowicz , and continued in the classical gymnasium in Minsk . In the years 1821-1825, he studied at the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of the University of Vilnius , and in the years 1825-1828 at the Faculty of Law of this university, obtaining the degree of candidate . Immediately after graduating, he was employed in the office of the foreign correspondence of the Bank of Poland [5] [3] .

He participated as a volunteer in the November Uprising . Initially, he served in the Gidow Corps, and later in the 5th Uhlans regiment . The unit he fought in was part of the forces of General Girolam Ramorin and at the end of the uprising he withdrew to Austria [5] [3] , where he was interned.

From 1832, Baranowski was in exile in France - in Gray , Lyon and Chalon-sur-Saône , where he worked as a banker and merchant in department stores.In 1837, he moved to Paris , taking up the cashier's job at the bank of Jelski, Dussard et Compagne . In the years 1843-1848 he worked as a counting inspector for the Paris- Rouen - Le Havre railway. The bookkeeping system developed by him for the needs of this company was highly rated and implemented by other French railroad companies. After 1848, he quit his job and devoted himself entirely to inventive activity [5] [3] .

In 1871, after the end of the Franco-Prussian War , France was obliged to pay a high contribution . Baranowski presented the government loan plan to the authorities, which made it possible. He received no prize for his offer, which caused him to be discouraged by France and in 1872 he left for London. He worked there as a secretary of the Literary Society of the Friends of Poland (associated with the camp of Hôtel Lambert ) and took care of, among others,development of dictionaries [5] [3] . He was a polyglot who, apart from Polish, also knew German , French and English [4] . In 1880 he developed, among others The Student's Anglo-Polish Grammar textbook for learning Polish for English speakers.

Inventions [ edit | edit code ]

Automatic rail signaling system - Semaphore invented by Baranowski in 1857

A machine for calculating votes cast in elections invented in 1848 by Jan Baranowski
He was the author of many technical inventions, 17 of which were patented in France. His inventions include:

• gas meter ,
• manual ticket validator - the principle of operation and the construction of the device were similar to those used today, for this invention Baranowski received in 1849 at the National Exhibition in Paris the medal of the Minister of Public Works of France and the medal of the French Society for Incentives,
• a machine for printing and ticket control - enabling printing of tickets at a rate of 5,000 for an hour. She was awarded in 1851 at the Universal Exposition in London,
• Semaphore , an automatic railway signaling system - Baranowski's invention from 1857 was for the first time practically used on the Paris - Rouen line , and in November this year on the Paris- St Germain line [5] . The Baranowski system was also introduced a year later in Italy on the Genoa - Turin railway line and after modernization on the Paris- Brussels line. It was presented in 1862 at the World Exhibition in London [2] and was later also used in England.
• accounting machine used to control bills ( tax machine ) - in 1849 at the national exhibition in Paris, the inventor received for this invention a medal from the French Society for Incentives to Invention,
• device for copying letters,
• a voting machine invented in 1848, patented a year later [6] and used to calculate votes [2] [5] [3] .

Publications [ edit | edit code ]
Jan Józef Baranowski published in English, French and Polish. He moved the issues of inventiveness and language subjects in them:

• Taxe-machine (1848) [7] ,
• Application de la taxe machine (1849) [8]
• Nouveau système de voter au moyen d'un appareil dit: Scrutateur Mécanique (1849) [9]
• Projet de Statuts pour la formation d'une Societé anonyme sous le titre de Caisse Générale de France(1854) [10]
• Taxe machine applicable à toutes les opérations de calcul, inventée par Jean-Joseph Baranowski (1855) [11] ,
• Notice sur les signaux Baranowski (1959) [12] ,
• Signal Baranowski (1859) [13] ,
• Nouveaux systèmes des signaux-disques sans contre-poids et des lanternes sans poulies ni chaines (1864) [14] ,
• Simple System for Checking the Passengers' Fares in Omnibuses Or Tramways (1877) [15] ,
• Vademecum de la langue française (1879) [16] ,
• The Student's Anglo-Polish Grammar (1880) [5]
• Anglo-Polish Lexicon (1884) [17] ,
• Exception from the general list of mechanical inventions (1886) [18] .

At the end of his life, he documented his inventions and published his biography in French and English.

Google Translate

Oh my god. These pitiful inventions are making me even more sad for you dumb Pollocks.

What have you invented, dumb-ass?

 

[Godboy]

Jan Józef Baranowski (born on September 7, 1805 in Śmiłowicze [1] , died on March 30, 1888 in London ) -Polish economist and financier , nobleman, linguist, engineer and the greatest inventor from the group of theGreat Emigration . [ necessary footnote ] He was the author of many inventions in the field of railways , communications, accounting and calculating machines, including semaphore , ticket validator and gas meter [2][3] .

Table of Contents

• 1Biography
• 2Inventions
• 3Publications
• 4Commemoration
• 5Footnotes
• 6External links

Biography [ edit | edit code ]
Jan Józef Baranowski was born in Śmiłowicze in the then Ihumensky poviat in the Minsk region from the Polish noble association of the Grzymała Marcin Baranowski coat of arms with Maryanna z Szalkiewiczów [4] .

He began his education at a nobleman's escort run by priests from the monastery in Śmiłowicz , and continued in the classical gymnasium in Minsk . In the years 1821-1825, he studied at the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of the University of Vilnius , and in the years 1825-1828 at the Faculty of Law of this university, obtaining the degree of candidate . Immediately after graduating, he was employed in the office of the foreign correspondence of the Bank of Poland [5] [3] .

He participated as a volunteer in the November Uprising . Initially, he served in the Gidow Corps, and later in the 5th Uhlans regiment . The unit he fought in was part of the forces of General Girolam Ramorin and at the end of the uprising he withdrew to Austria [5] [3] , where he was interned.

From 1832, Baranowski was in exile in France - in Gray , Lyon and Chalon-sur-Saône , where he worked as a banker and merchant in department stores.In 1837, he moved to Paris , taking up the cashier's job at the bank of Jelski, Dussard et Compagne . In the years 1843-1848 he worked as a counting inspector for the Paris- Rouen - Le Havre railway. The bookkeeping system developed by him for the needs of this company was highly rated and implemented by other French railroad companies. After 1848, he quit his job and devoted himself entirely to inventive activity [5] [3] .

In 1871, after the end of the Franco-Prussian War , France was obliged to pay a high contribution . Baranowski presented the government loan plan to the authorities, which made it possible. He received no prize for his offer, which caused him to be discouraged by France and in 1872 he left for London. He worked there as a secretary of the Literary Society of the Friends of Poland (associated with the camp of Hôtel Lambert ) and took care of, among others,development of dictionaries [5] [3] . He was a polyglot who, apart from Polish, also knew German , French and English [4] . In 1880 he developed, among others The Student's Anglo-Polish Grammar textbook for learning Polish for English speakers.

Inventions [ edit | edit code ]

Automatic rail signaling system - Semaphore invented by Baranowski in 1857

A machine for calculating votes cast in elections invented in 1848 by Jan Baranowski
He was the author of many technical inventions, 17 of which were patented in France. His inventions include:

• gas meter ,
• manual ticket validator - the principle of operation and the construction of the device were similar to those used today, for this invention Baranowski received in 1849 at the National Exhibition in Paris the medal of the Minister of Public Works of France and the medal of the French Society for Incentives,
• a machine for printing and ticket control - enabling printing of tickets at a rate of 5,000 for an hour. She was awarded in 1851 at the Universal Exposition in London,
• Semaphore , an automatic railway signaling system - Baranowski's invention from 1857 was for the first time practically used on the Paris - Rouen line , and in November this year on the Paris- St Germain line [5] . The Baranowski system was also introduced a year later in Italy on the Genoa - Turin railway line and after modernization on the Paris- Brussels line. It was presented in 1862 at the World Exhibition in London [2] and was later also used in England.
• accounting machine used to control bills ( tax machine ) - in 1849 at the national exhibition in Paris, the inventor received for this invention a medal from the French Society for Incentives to Invention,
• device for copying letters,
• a voting machine invented in 1848, patented a year later [6] and used to calculate votes [2] [5] [3] .

Publications [ edit | edit code ]
Jan Józef Baranowski published in English, French and Polish. He moved the issues of inventiveness and language subjects in them:

• Taxe-machine (1848) [7] ,
• Application de la taxe machine (1849) [8]
• Nouveau système de voter au moyen d'un appareil dit: Scrutateur Mécanique (1849) [9]
• Projet de Statuts pour la formation d'une Societé anonyme sous le titre de Caisse Générale de France(1854) [10]
• Taxe machine applicable à toutes les opérations de calcul, inventée par Jean-Joseph Baranowski (1855) [11] ,
• Notice sur les signaux Baranowski (1959) [12] ,
• Signal Baranowski (1859) [13] ,
• Nouveaux systèmes des signaux-disques sans contre-poids et des lanternes sans poulies ni chaines (1864) [14] ,
• Simple System for Checking the Passengers' Fares in Omnibuses Or Tramways (1877) [15] ,
• Vademecum de la langue française (1879) [16] ,
• The Student's Anglo-Polish Grammar (1880) [5]
• Anglo-Polish Lexicon (1884) [17] ,
• Exception from the general list of mechanical inventions (1886) [18] .

At the end of his life, he documented his inventions and published his biography in French and English.

Google Translate

Oh my god. These pitiful inventions are making me even more sad for you dumb Pollocks.

What have you invented, dumb-ass?

Are we talking about individuals or groups now? Usually you want to talk about groups of people. So, why do you want to change the subject from the pitiful inventions the Pollocks have given the world?

The best thing Pollocks ever did was inspire people to write Pollock jokes. You guys are really dumb!

 

[SobieskiSavedEurope]

Jan Józef Baranowski (born on September 7, 1805 in Śmiłowicze [1] , died on March 30, 1888 in London ) -Polish economist and financier , nobleman, linguist, engineer and the greatest inventor from the group of theGreat Emigration . [ necessary footnote ] He was the author of many inventions in the field of railways , communications, accounting and calculating machines, including semaphore , ticket validator and gas meter [2][3] .

Table of Contents

• 1Biography
• 2Inventions
• 3Publications
• 4Commemoration
• 5Footnotes
• 6External links

Biography [ edit | edit code ]
Jan Józef Baranowski was born in Śmiłowicze in the then Ihumensky poviat in the Minsk region from the Polish noble association of the Grzymała Marcin Baranowski coat of arms with Maryanna z Szalkiewiczów [4] .

He began his education at a nobleman's escort run by priests from the monastery in Śmiłowicz , and continued in the classical gymnasium in Minsk . In the years 1821-1825, he studied at the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics of the University of Vilnius , and in the years 1825-1828 at the Faculty of Law of this university, obtaining the degree of candidate . Immediately after graduating, he was employed in the office of the foreign correspondence of the Bank of Poland [5] [3] .

He participated as a volunteer in the November Uprising . Initially, he served in the Gidow Corps, and later in the 5th Uhlans regiment . The unit he fought in was part of the forces of General Girolam Ramorin and at the end of the uprising he withdrew to Austria [5] [3] , where he was interned.

From 1832, Baranowski was in exile in France - in Gray , Lyon and Chalon-sur-Saône , where he worked as a banker and merchant in department stores.In 1837, he moved to Paris , taking up the cashier's job at the bank of Jelski, Dussard et Compagne . In the years 1843-1848 he worked as a counting inspector for the Paris- Rouen - Le Havre railway. The bookkeeping system developed by him for the needs of this company was highly rated and implemented by other French railroad companies. After 1848, he quit his job and devoted himself entirely to inventive activity [5] [3] .

In 1871, after the end of the Franco-Prussian War , France was obliged to pay a high contribution . Baranowski presented the government loan plan to the authorities, which made it possible. He received no prize for his offer, which caused him to be discouraged by France and in 1872 he left for London. He worked there as a secretary of the Literary Society of the Friends of Poland (associated with the camp of Hôtel Lambert ) and took care of, among others,development of dictionaries [5] [3] . He was a polyglot who, apart from Polish, also knew German , French and English [4] . In 1880 he developed, among others The Student's Anglo-Polish Grammar textbook for learning Polish for English speakers.

Inventions [ edit | edit code ]

Automatic rail signaling system - Semaphore invented by Baranowski in 1857

A machine for calculating votes cast in elections invented in 1848 by Jan Baranowski
He was the author of many technical inventions, 17 of which were patented in France. His inventions include:

• gas meter ,
• manual ticket validator - the principle of operation and the construction of the device were similar to those used today, for this invention Baranowski received in 1849 at the National Exhibition in Paris the medal of the Minister of Public Works of France and the medal of the French Society for Incentives,
• a machine for printing and ticket control - enabling printing of tickets at a rate of 5,000 for an hour. She was awarded in 1851 at the Universal Exposition in London,
• Semaphore , an automatic railway signaling system - Baranowski's invention from 1857 was for the first time practically used on the Paris - Rouen line , and in November this year on the Paris- St Germain line [5] . The Baranowski system was also introduced a year later in Italy on the Genoa - Turin railway line and after modernization on the Paris- Brussels line. It was presented in 1862 at the World Exhibition in London [2] and was later also used in England.
• accounting machine used to control bills ( tax machine ) - in 1849 at the national exhibition in Paris, the inventor received for this invention a medal from the French Society for Incentives to Invention,
• device for copying letters,
• a voting machine invented in 1848, patented a year later [6] and used to calculate votes [2] [5] [3] .

Publications [ edit | edit code ]
Jan Józef Baranowski published in English, French and Polish. He moved the issues of inventiveness and language subjects in them:

• Taxe-machine (1848) [7] ,
• Application de la taxe machine (1849) [8]
• Nouveau système de voter au moyen d'un appareil dit: Scrutateur Mécanique (1849) [9]
• Projet de Statuts pour la formation d'une Societé anonyme sous le titre de Caisse Générale de France(1854) [10]
• Taxe machine applicable à toutes les opérations de calcul, inventée par Jean-Joseph Baranowski (1855) [11] ,
• Notice sur les signaux Baranowski (1959) [12] ,
• Signal Baranowski (1859) [13] ,
• Nouveaux systèmes des signaux-disques sans contre-poids et des lanternes sans poulies ni chaines (1864) [14] ,
• Simple System for Checking the Passengers' Fares in Omnibuses Or Tramways (1877) [15] ,
• Vademecum de la langue française (1879) [16] ,
• The Student's Anglo-Polish Grammar (1880) [5]
• Anglo-Polish Lexicon (1884) [17] ,
• Exception from the general list of mechanical inventions (1886) [18] .

At the end of his life, he documented his inventions and published his biography in French and English.

Google Translate

Oh my god. These pitiful inventions are making me even more sad for you dumb Pollocks.

What have you invented, dumb-ass?

Are we talking about individuals or groups now? Usually you want to talk about groups of people. So, why do you want to change the subject from the pitiful inventions the Pollocks have given the world?

The best thing Pollocks ever did was inspire people to write Pollock jokes. You guys are really dumb!

I only mentioned one of many Polish inventors, and you've been going berserk ever since.

Poles are way more intelligent than you stupid Western Europeans, how can Western Europeans go so fast from Imperial genocide, to Multicultural suicide?

I have little respect for Western Europeans, I see them as violent, brutal, thoughtless savages on the whole.

 

[SobieskiSavedEurope]

Polish researcher show how the cell fights parasitic "jumping genes"

Photo: Fotolia
Some of the smallest parasites we carry are... jumping genes. Fortunately, our cells have ways to stop these genetic parasites from multiplying. In the prestigious journal "Cell", Polish researcher explain the new defence mechanism against the so-called retrotransposons.

Some of the smallest parasites that inhabit the human body are retrotransposons. They are simply fragments of DNA woven into our genome. They do nothing for the "common good" of the whole organism, they only produce machinery for copying themselves. Their goal is to paste their own copies into the DNA. This way, their genes can "jump" all over our DNA.

Retrotransposons are not the same as viruses, explains Prof. Andrzej Dziembowski from the Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS in Warsaw. Viruses have a shell that allows them to leave the cell and attack other cells. Retrotrasposons are unable to leave the cell: they multiply in the DNA of the same cell from which they originate. They are transferred from generation to generation because they are also present in the reproductive cells.

In any case, these genetic parasites make a great mess in our genome. "As much as 17 percent of DNA in the human genome are LINE-1 elements encoding retrotransposons" - the researcher says. His team composed of young scientists: Dr. Zbigniew Warkocki - the first author of the publication, Dr. Paweł Krawczyk and Dorota Adamska published an article describing a previously unknown way in which a cell can block these small genes from further expansion (Redirecting).

The scientist explains that each of us has 80 to 100 active retrotransposons in the cells. "We do not need them, they are actually harmful" - says the scientist. By pasting themselves into DNA they leads to the formation of mutations, they often accompany cancer or even cause it.

According to Prof. Dziembowski, if a person`s cells can not properly control retrotransposons, it may be associated with complete infertility. And that`s not the end of problems. That is why in the cells have defence mechanisms against multiplication of these genetic parasites.

The scientist explains how the parasitic genes are copied. The LINE-1 elements are stored in our DNA, in the cell nucleus. There, the DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is able to reproduce the DNA and paste it into the DNA of the same cell using a "copy-paste" mechanism.

It has been described, for example, how a cell can use methylation to block its DNA fragment with the LINE-1 element and render it inactive. So it is not transcribed at all. There are known mechanisms that do not allow retrotransposon to start copying. Now Polish scientists have explained how a cell can defend against genetic parasites at a later stage - when retrotransposon is already activated.

The Polish team discovered that in order to stop the "invasion" of the genetic parasite, a retrotransposon RNA uridylation may occur in the cell. It involves attaching additional uridyl nucleotides that act like a ball and chain to the end of the RNA. "We were the first to describe how this mechanism works" - says the researcher from the Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS. Such blocked RNA is no longer dangerous. With its ball and chain, it can no longer jump all over the genome and paste new DNA fragments into it. And with time it is removed by the cell.

Polish researcher show how the cell fights parasitic "jumping genes"

 

[SobieskiSavedEurope]

West Brighton resident snags interview with 'The next Einstein'
Updated Sep 12, 2017; Posted Sep 12, 2017



5

Gallery: Back to school interview with the next Einstein





21shares
By Carol Ann Benanti

STATEN ISLAND, N.Y. -- It's the back-to-school time of year and what better way to begin the school year than with a star?

We're not talking stars of fame and fortune of the Hollywood type, but rather of those celestial wonders shining above us nearly every evening, and the mastermind behind understanding it all.

Word comes to us that West Brighton resident Andrew Ostrowski, no stranger to this column, recently had the chance to interview Dr. Nikodem Poplawski, the renowned theoretical physicist who appears on the popular Discovery Channel television series "Through the Wormhole," with host celebrity Morgan Freeman.

Ostrowski, an outspoken freelance writer who pens a weekly Q&A column for the Buffalo-based Am-Pol Eagle News, mustered the bravado to reach out to Poplawski after several of his readers kept sparking the idea.

"I have a loyal legion of followers who occasionally hint at topics for me to write about," Ostrowski says. "Aside from politics, the topic of Dr. Poplawski has certainly ranked high among the hits."

Often dubbed "The Next Einstein" in the media, Poplawski is a 42-year-old research scholar and senior lecturer in the Department of Mathematics and Physics at the University of New Haven, Conn.

Originally from Poland, he obtained his doctorate at the University of Indiana. And one glance at his popular current class lineup finds him teaching everything from quantum mechanics to Einstein's theory of relativity, no doubt with standing room only.

And with the U.S. ranking about 38th in math and 24th in science among our global nations, Poplawski's down-to-earth congeniality combined with exceptional brilliance has made him all the more sought after.

"I was incredibly honored and thrilled to be able to conduct an interview with this pure genius," adds Ostrowski. "I was afraid that my questions for him might be somewhat mundane, but in addition to being brilliant, Poplawski knows how to relate to the average Joe which is a great combination."

Poplawski has published articles in nearly all of the top news outlets including The New York Times, National Geographic, Science, and Smithsonian Magazines.

But perhaps most significant among Poplawski's theories, heralded as one of the Top 10 discoveries of recent times, was his hypothesis that our universe sits at the bottom of a giant black hole, which in itself is a gateway to a parallel universe.

"The matter in a black hole collapses, stops, then undergoes a Big Bounce like a compressed spring, then rapidly expands," Poplawski says. "Our Universe could have been formed in a Big Bounce instead of a Big Bang."

West Brighton resident snags interview with 'The next Einstein'

 

[karpenter]

Although I can't help but to notice quite a few forums allow anti-White comments, but not anti-Black comments.

It's Not The Forums
It's A Western Marxist-Culture War
I May Not Be Able To Say By Whom
Because They've Declared Themselves The Most Protected Bunch Of All

Poland Is Amending Their Death Counts Recently
That's The Greatest Sacrilege And Heresy Of All

 

[SobieskiSavedEurope]

Grzegorz Łubczyk: Henryk Sławik. The forgotten hero of Three Nations
LITERATURE
Grzegorz Łubczyk: Henryk Sławik. The forgotten hero of Three Nations (Széphalom Könyvműhely) – presentation of the book 23 September 2009 (Wednesday), 6 pm Polish Institute Budapest, VI. Nagymező u. 15.

Wednesday 23 September 2009, 8:00 pm

Poluish Institute

Grzegorz Łubczyk: Henryk Sławik. The forgotten hero of Three Nations (Széphalom Könyvműhely) – presentation of the book

23 September 2009 (Wednesday), 6 pm

Polish Institute
Budapest, VI. Nagymező u. 15.

Henryk Sławik -Polish journalist and politician. During World War II, he gave assistance to Polish refugees, including Jews, in Hungary. As President of the Citizen's Committee for Help for Polish Refugees, he organized help for interned soldiers and civilian refugees after the defeat in September 1939.
Together with József Antall, a representative of the Hungarian government, he provided the refugees false documents, which saved many of their lives.
He also saved many Jewish children, for whom he helped to create an orphanage in Vác near Budapest. It is estimated that Henryk Sławik saved nearly 30,000 Polish refugees, including approximately 5,000 Jews.
After the Germans took over Hungary in 1944, Henryk Sławik was arrested.
During the ensuing investigation, he took the entire responsibility for saving Jews and did not inform on Antall. He was shot, probably in August (on 25th or 26th) in the Mauthausen concentration camp. According to witnesses, before he died he managed to shout: "Poland has not yet perished!".
In 1990, Yad Vashem honored Henryk Sławik with the title of the Righteous Among the Nations.

Grzegorz Łubczyk (1946) - journalist, correspondent of the Polish press in Hungary, Ambassador of The Republic of Poland in Hungary 1997-2001, author of several books, owner of the order of the Republic of Hungary.

The discussion with the author will be guided by Erzséber Szenyán, the translator of the book.

Polish Institute | Grzegorz Łubczyk: Henryk Sławik. The forgotten hero of Three Nations

 

[SobieskiSavedEurope]

Battle of Komarów
Bitwa pod komarowem 1920 battle of komar w[/paste:font]



The Battle of Komarów, or the Zamość Ring, was one of the most important battles of the Polish-Bolshevik War. It took place between 30 August and 2 September 1920, near the village of Komarowo (now Komarów) near Zamość. It was one of the largest cavalry battles since 1813 and the last great battle of any significance in which cavalry was used as such and not as mounted infantry.

The battle ended in complete disaster for the Russian 1st Cavalry Army, which sustained heavy casualties and barely avoided being surrounded and annihilated. After the battle, the morale of the 1st Cavalry Army collapsed, and this once most feared Soviet army no longer remained an effective fighting force.

Zwaistun battle of komar w

Eve of the battle

After the Battle of Zadwórze, the forces of the Bolshevik 1st Cavalry Army under Semyon Budyonny were halted for over a day. By this time the Russian cavalry units had lost much of their initiative and had not managed to reach or intervene in the Battle of Warsaw. After the Bolsheviks lost the struggle for the capital of Poland and started their retreat eastwards, the forces of Budyonny were ordered by Tukhachevski to march northwards to attack the right flank of Józef Piłsudski's advancing forces in order to draw Polish forces away from the north and relieve pressure on the routed Bolshevik Western Army. Tukhachevski believed that if Polish forces were required to turn south, he could reverse the disaster unfolding in the north and resume his westward offensive to capture Warsaw.

However, heavy fighting in the area of Lwów and the upper Bug River postponed the march. By the time the 1st Cavalry Army reached the area of Zamość on August 30, 1920, the Poles had already managed to redirect much of their troops to the area and organize a line of defense.

Initial clashes
On August 29, the 1st Cavalry Army fought the first battle with units of Polish 1st Cavalry Division. A small "Special Battalion" led by Major (later General) Stanisław Maczek fought a successful delaying action near the village of Waręż. Later that day, the Polish 1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment chanced upon several unprepared Bolshevik units and took 150 POWs, three pieces of artillery and seven machine guns in the villages of Łykoszyn and Tyszowce.

The following day, the Bolshevik units continued their advance towards Zamość, but found the Polish mobile defence difficult to break. The garrison of the fortress was composed of a number of units commanded by Captain (later General) Mikołaj Bołtuć. Among them were the remnants of Ukrainian 6th Infantry Division under Colonel Marko Bezruchko, one regiment and two battalions of Polish infantry, three armoured trains and a number of smaller units, some 700 bayonets and 150 sabres altogether. At the same time, the Polish 1st Cavalry Division moved to the villages of Wolica Brzozowa and Komarów, to the west of the city.

On his arrival in the Zamość area, Budyonny was left with three choices: he could assault the heavily defended city, try to break through the trenches of the 13th Infantry Division (Poland) in the forests west of it, or try to attack the unknown number of Polish cavalry units some 20 kilometres (12 mi) to the west. Despite having little knowledge of the opposing forces, Budyonny did not expect significant opposition just yet and ordered his troops to bypass the city from the west.

Phase One
In the early morning of August 31, a Bolshevik cavalry brigade crossed the belt of swamps to the north of the Polish positions. At the same time, the 11th Cavalry Division was engaged by Polish infantry in the village of Łubianki, while the 6th Cavalry Division was cut out overnight by Polish infantry to the west of Zamość.

At 6 o'clock in the morning, the 200 man 2nd Regiment of Grochow Uhlans was ordered to capture "Hill 255" to the north of the main lines of Polish cavalry. The hill was captured with no opposition. Soon afterwards, a large Russian tabor was spotted, disorganised and mixed with a much larger unit of Bolshevik cavalry. With no time to hesitate, the Poles charged, inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy rear units. Soon afterwards, the Poles were successfully counter-attacked by Russian troops and forced to abandon the hill and retreat into the nearby village of Wolica Śniatycka. There the Russian advance was stopped by Polish heavy machine gun fire and at 10 o'clock the Polish 9th Regiment of Lesser Poland Uhlans under Major (later General) Stefan Dembiński charged the Russian positions and managed to recapture Hill 225. The Russians counterattacked several times, but to no effect.

Meanwhile, the village of Wolica Śniatyńska, lost to the Bolshevik cavalry, was charged by the Polish 8th Uhlan Regiment of Duke Jozef Poniatowski. After a short fight, the disorganised Bolshevik forces were forced to retreat, leaving behind a large part of their heavy equipment and Budyonny's staff car. The Russian commander himself evaded being captured. The Bolshevik 4th Cavalry Division was routed.

At 12 o'clock, the Polish 9th regiment started another charge down the hill on the Russian 11th Cavalry Division that had replaced the withdrawing 4th Division. The assault was repelled, with heavy casualties on both sides. After approximately 30 minutes, the Russian forces were forced to retreat; however, the Polish VII Cavalry Brigade was seriously depleted. Also, the 9th Regiment suffered serious casualties from friendly artillery fire.

The Polish VI Cavalry Brigade, until then kept as a reserve, started a pursuit down the hill. After a cavalry charge on the left flank of the withdrawing Bolshevik cavalry, the latter started a disorganised retreat towards Zamość. The pursuit was carried over by the 12th Podolian Uhlan Regiment under Captain (later General) Tadeusz Komorowski. During the retreat, the Poles inflicted heavy casualties on the enemy. After the pursuit ended, the fighting was halted until 5 p.m.

Phase Two
At approximately 5 p.m., the 8th Regiment near the village of Wolica Śniatycka was yet again assaulted by Bolshevik cavalry. To counter the threat, Colonel Rómmel ordered the whole VI Cavalry Brigade (1st, 12th and 14th Regiment of Jazlowiec Uhlans) to charge the enemy's flank. After a huge clash, the Russian forces in the area fell back northwards.

After a short rest, the whole Russian 6th Cavalry Division, the strongest unit in the area, managed to finally break through a Polish infantry encirclement and arrived at the battlefield. The Polish VI Brigade was resting in and around the village of Niewirków, where it had withdrawn after the successful pursuit several hours earlier. The VII brigade started its march north-east to join the forces of VI Brigade near Niewirków. Halfway, it spotted a huge Russian line emerging from the forests around Wolica Śniatycka.

The Russian 6th Division (six regiments strong) formed a line, but had not yet initiated an assault. Juliusz Rómmel ordered all his available units to launch an all-out assault before the Russians started their attack. The 8th and 9th Regiments made a frontal charge, while the 1st Krechowce Uhlans Regiment was ordered to attack the left flank of the enemy. Soon it was joined by the remaining elements of the 12th Regiment from Niewirków, charging the enemy positions from the rear. After a 30-minute clash, Budionny ordered his division to retreat.

The only available way led east, through the positions of the dug-in 2nd Legions Infantry Division under Colonel Michał Łyżwiński. The retreating Bolsheviks managed to break through, but suffered heavy casualties. By the end of the day, the battle was over.

Results and casualties
The Polish 1st Cavalry Division then pursued the retreating Soviets. The forces of Budyonny managed to break through Polish lines, but the Poles did not leave them enough time to rest and reorganise. On September 2, the Polish VI Cavalry Brigade reached Łaszczów, where it successfully outflanked the Russian 44th Infantry Division and annihilated one of its regiments (only 100 POWs survived the battle). The 1st Cavalry Army itself was not surrounded and managed to avoid complete destruction, but it no longer posed a threat to the advancing Poles. Unable to regroup, on September 5, 1920 it lost the town of Hrubieszów, and Włodzimierz Wołyński the following day.

On September 12, 1920, Polish forces withdrawn from the Battle of the Niemen under General Władysław Sikorski started a successful offensive on Bolshevik-held Volhynia. Pressed from all directions, the 1st Cavalry Army lost Równe on September 18 and was forced to retreat further eastwards. By the end of September, the Polish forces reached the Słucza River, near the lines held by the Reds before their offensive towards Warsaw started. Soon afterwards, Budyonny's Army had to be withdrawn from the front, not to return until after the cease fire that October.

The Battle of Komarów was a complete disaster for the Russian 1st Cavalry Army. Numerically greatly superior, it failed to concentrate and act as an organised unit, which resulted in several consecutive waves of attacks, each of them repelled by the Poles. A lack of communication and complete disregard for intelligence reports resulted in heavy losses on the Russian side. After the battle, its political commissars, Joseph Stalin and Kliment Voroshilov, failed to control the men in their command: with morale and discipline at a low point, robbery and violence by the 'Red Cossacks' against the civilian population became commonplace. The 1st Cavalry Army also became known for periodic outbreaks of murderous anti-semitism.

The Polish Army lost approximately 500 killed in action and 700 horses. No Poles were taken prisoner by the Red Army. The exact losses of the latter are unknown and were never made public.

Because of the numbers of forces involved, the Battle of Komarów is considered the greatest cavalry battle of the 20th century. It is sometimes referred to as "the greatest cavalry battle after 1813" or the "Miracle at Zamość" (the latter particularly in Ukrainian literature), however, the former is incorrect. More cavalry were present at the 1863 Battle of Brandy Station,

Battle of Komarów- Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia

 

[SobieskiSavedEurope]

Gene Krupa 1909-1973

Gene Krupa 1909-1973

by Karen Larcombe

“I’m happy that I succeeded in doing two things: I made the drummer a high priced guy, and I was able to draw more people to jazz.


“The above quote of drum master Gene Krupa was not an example of unsubstantiated ego. Krupa was merely aware of the facts — he was the leader among drummers, the first to bring any semblance of esteem to the instrument. This is the reason drummers today revere Krupa and hope to, in some way, hold onto a small part of the Krupa legacy.

Adoration and fame was something that Krupa knew throughout his career. The teeny-boppers and swing addicts couldn’t get enough of the handsome drummer who could drive any band to new heights of innovation. Krupa was an original and as such, notoriety followed him like a shadow. No facet of Krupa’s background or career escaped media attention, not even from the motion picture industry. In 1959, Columbia Pictures released the Gene Krupa Story starring Sal Mineo. The film was considered an artistic failure. Critics found the exaggerations, anachronisms and dramatics, characteristically stamped on film bios, a detriment. Mineo, however, was lauded for his mastery of Krupa’s facial expressions, but little else in the film was found praiseworthy. It is difficult to understand why Hollywood scriptwriters found it necessary to alter the events of the drummer’s much acclaimed career.

Gene Krupa was born on January 15, 1909 and raised on Chicago’s South Side. He was the son of Polish-American parents. The youngest of six children, Krupa and his mother originally planned that he would become a priest. Subsequently, Krupa was educated at St. Bridges and Immaculate Conception schools, Bowren High School and St. Joseph’s College.

As a young boy, Krupa met many exiled musicians of New Orleans who, after Storyville closed, packed their bags and moved north to Chicago. Zutty Singleton met Gene at the time, when his talents were as yet, untapped.

Chicago from 1915 to 1929 was a major center of innovative music. Some of America’s greatest musicians came out of Chicago during this time period including: Jesse Stacey, Eddie Condon, Pee Wee Russell, Jimmy McPartland, Dave Tough, George Wettling and Benny Goodman.

Krupa’s first introduction to music came while working as an errand boy in a local music store. Many times he would go off by himself and listen to the records. For a time, he played saxaphone. But, it was in a dance hall that Gene had his first meeting with a drumset and it was instant love. Sensing Gene’s potential, his brother went out the next week to buy him a set. At 13, Krupa first played with a band at a jam session. This debut landed him a job with the Frivolians and that summer, he played with Ben Pollack’s Orchestra. Later in his life, Gene attributed those two playing assignments as having the greatest influence on his drumming career.

While trying to develop proficiency on the drums or “beating the hides,” Krupa also did a lot of listening to develop his musical background. His perseverance paid off. While playing a string of amateur clubs and private parties, the Joe Karper Orchestra hired him as their drummer. This was his first professional job.

A club called the Three Deuces was a musician’s paradise and location of nightly jam sessions among Joe Sullivan, Tough, Condon, Bud Freeman and Frank Teschmaker. One evening Benny Goodman dropped by the club and first saw Krupa, then 19, jamming with the group. In 1928, Krupa recorded with the Three Deuces musicians. Under the label of Red McKenzie and Condon’s Chicagoans, “Nobody’s Sweetheart” was recorded. With the same group, under the name Chicago Rhythm Kings, they recorded, “There’ll Be Some Changes Made,” “Changes,” and “I’ve Found a New Baby.”

By 1928, Krupa relinquished all thoughts of becoming a priest and joined Red Nichols and his Five Pennies for three years. Benny Goodman also joined the Nichols band to record “Chinatown,” “On the Alamo,” “Dinah” and “Indiana.” For George Gershwin’s Strike Up The Band, Nichols was hired as the orchestra pit leader and assembled the best musicians he knew of: Benny Goodman, clarinet; Glenn Miller, trombone; and Krupa. At this point in his career, Krupa could not read music and during rehearsals, would fake the drum parts. Glenn Miller, however, came to his rescue. According to Krupa:

“I couldn’t tell a quarter note from an eighth note and Glenn knew it. So everytime we got something new to do, I’d pass my part to Glenn who’d hum it for me a few times until I got it in my head and then I’d play it.

“There must have been 40 men in the band and I’d be drumming away with all my might when Red would signal me to give. I just didn’t have the technique to control the drums without killing myself. I was a jazz drummer, not a musician. I used all the Chicago beats, four with one hand and a light press with the other on the second and fourth beats, hand to hand rolls accented and a lot of woodblock rhythms. So, right then and there I resolved to learn the drums technically, from the bottom up. I got myself the best teacher in New York and started in. I used to practice seven and eight hours per day. At the same time, I’d go up to Harlem after the job and watch tap dancers and great drummers like George Stafford and Sonny Greer. I learned a lot of rhythmic beats that way.”

During the run of Strike Up the Band, Gene recorded, “Rockin Chair,” and “Barnacle Bill” with Hoagy Carmichael. Carmichael’s sidemen included: the Dorsey Brothers, the Goodman Brothers, Bud Freeman, Joe Venuti, Eddie Lang and Bix Biderbecke. With the end of the show, Gene played his last date with Red Nichols in Gershwin’s Girl Crazy. By 1931, he joined Irving Aaronson and His Commanders and after a year, toured with Russ Columbo’s band. Benny Goodman organized the band for Columbo and they spent a summer at Woodmansten Inn.

Goodman and Krupa eventually parted and it was not until 1934, while playing at the Music Hall Restaurant, that Goodman, now with his own band, decided to assemble the top musicians and tour Europe. The band personnel included Wilson and Krupa. The tour, however, never happened but Krupa became a member of the Goodman Orchestra. From 1935-1937, Goodman’s fame escalated, as did Krupa’s. Goodman wanted a drummer who could “swing” and felt that only Krupa could meet his standards.

Of Krupa, Goodman said, “From the time he joined us, Gene gave the band a solidity and firmness as far as rhythm was concerned, that it never had before.”

According to Krupa, on working with Goodman, “I worked with (Buddy) Rogers one year and then I joined Benny Goodman. That was the greatest thrill of my life, an opportunity to play straight from the heart jazz with a full band of top-notchers. I took the band as seriously as Benny did and worried all the time about each new man and how we were going over.

“Of course, Benny had a tough time getting started. I remember when we were playing Elitch’s Gardens in Denver that we never had more than five people on the floor and it was very discouraging. One night, Benny laid out a lot of rhumbas and stocks.

‘What’s up Benny,’ I said.

“Benny shook his head. ‘I guess this jazz idea of ours is no good. I’m going to get people to dance if I have to play all the mouse music ever written.’

“I shook my head right back. ‘Look Benny, I’m making $85 a week with you and if you’re going commercial I might as well go back to Buddy Rogers and make $125 a week. Let’s stick to your original idea even if we go under.’

“Benny did and a week later at the Palomar in Los Angeles, we clicked — for good.”

Though Krupa became established with Goodman’s Orchestra, it was the fame of the Benny Goodman trio and quartet that had much to do with Krupa’s rise in the music world. It all began at a party in the home of jazz singer Mildred Bailey. Teddy Wilson sat at the piano to provide some music for the guests. Goodman followed Wilson’s lead and took out his clarinet. A cousin of Bailey’s had set up his drums in the living room. Krupa sat behind the drums and the three began to jam. The idea of the Benny Goodman trio was born. Several days later, Goodman arranged a recording date with Wilson and Gene. Such memorable cuts as “Body and Soul,” “After You’ve Gone” and “Someday Sweetheart” were recorded.

The Goodman Quartet, equally as popular as the trio included Lionel Hampton on vibraphone. The trio came upon Hampton at the Paradise Nightclub in Los Angeles, and to his surprise, wound up on the bandstand with him. They played together for several hours that night and so impressive was Hampton, he was invited into their circle, making the famous trio a quartet.

Though Krupa was perfect for the Goodman Orchestra, problems developed. It was rumored that Krupa’s technique and showmanship drew attention away from the orchestra, particularly Goodman, and that their relationship suffered because of it. But Krupa tried to dispel those rumors in an interview with Ken Alden shortly after his exit from the band.

“All my life I’ve wanted my own band. I’ve sweated and saved for it. Leaving Benny had to happen. It was never a case of not getting along with Benny. Let me tell you he’s a swell guy and a wonderful musician. You see, Benny used to let me lead the band when he got off the stand. I was sort of concert master of the outfit. I got to like the feel of it. And I wanted more.”

KRUPA’S BAND

“About 4,000 neighborhood and visiting cats scratched and clawed for points of vantage in the Marine Ballroom of Atlantic City’s Steel Pier on Saturday, April 16 and then, once perched on their pet posts, proceeded to welcome with most exhuberant howls and huzzahs the first public appearance of drummer man Gene Krupa and his newly formed jazz band. The way the felenic herd received, reacted to and withstood the powerful onslaughts of Krupa’s quadruple “f” musical attacks left little doubt that Gene is now firmly entrenched at the helm of a swing outfit that’s bound to be recognized very shortly as one of the most potent bits of catnip to be fed to the purring public that generally passes as America’s swing contingent… Throughout the evening the kids and kittens shagged, trucked, jumped up and down and down and up, and often yelled and screamed at the series of solid killer-dillers.”

George Simon
Metronome. 1938

George Simon’s review of the Gene Krupa band debut exudes the same amount of enthusiasm as Krupa’s style of swing caused. At the height of its tremendous popularity, the band featured trumpeter Roy Eldridge and lead vocalist Anita O’Day. Of O’Day, George Simon said: “Her rhythmic, gutty, illegitimate style first confused but soon converted many listeners. Whereas most band girl singers had projected a very feminine or at least cute girl image, Anita came across as a hip jazz musician. She would dress in a suit similar to those of the musicians, and when she’d sing she’d come on strong, full of fire, with an either-you-like-me-or you- don’t-but-if-you-don’t-it’s-your-loss attitude.”

Krupa had his eye on Eldridge for a long time and, when Eldridge finally consented to join the band, Krupa was ecstatic. Some of Krupa’s most successful recordings were made during this period, such as “Georgia On My Mind,” “Green Eyes,” “Thanks For the Boogie Ride,” and “Let Me Off Uptown.”

Though the relationship between Krupa and Eldridge was affable, the same could not be said for O’Day and Eldridge. For undisclosed reasons, they did not get along and the riff resulted in O’Day’s exit from the band. Finding a replacement for O’Day was a problem and several male vocalists were shuffled in and out of that spot, the most successful being Johnny Desmond. Ray Eberle and Howard Dulaney also performed briefly with the band.

Krupa was forced to leave his band in 1942. a result of his arrest for possession of marijuana. Though the charges were eventually dropped, Krupa served 84 days in jail. Upon his release. Krupa re-joined the Benny Goodman Orchestra for several weeks. The experience was personally tragic and yet it did not seem to taint his career in any way. The public still loved Krupa and in 1944, he regained his title us the most outstanding drummer in the United States. In that same year, he toured with the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra for 6 months, gaining the confidence to form another band, a big-band like Dorsey’s with full string section.

The new band was not what Krupa’s fans expected. Used to the “swinging” quality that made audiences love the “King of the Hidebeaters” a new Gene was being offered to them. Krupa set himself in the role of bandleader, seldom playing the drums. When he did play, Krupa’s performances were full of flash, cramming as much technical prowess into his playing as to become a disadvantage. The new band was even less of a hit with music critics. In his J u l y 5, 1947 review for Melody Maker, Gerald Pratley said: “The band, and Krupa, seemed noisy and without discipline. It created no atmosphere, and to me there was neither excitement nor inspiration in his performance.”

Eventually, Krupa switched back to the kind of swinging music that made him famous — recording “Leave Us Leap” and “What’s This?” In 1951, Krupa became affiliated with the Jazz At The Philharmonic troupe for three years and led several trios and quartets, the first quartet with Charlie Ventura and Eddie Shu.

Another successful venture of Krupa’s was the drum school that he and drummer Cozy Cole opened in 1954. In two years, the school averaged 135-150 students per week.

Though the remaining years of his life were less active due to a heart attack in 1960, Krupa tried to maintain a steady working schedule. He was limited to playing about 6 months out of the year, mainly at the Metropole in New York. At this time in his life, Krupa became reflective on the state of drumming and the art of jazz in two separate interviews with George Simon:

“Jazz is becoming too self-conscious. It’s getting to be that guys are concentrating too much on what not to play instead of what to play . . . I always try to produce some sort of sound that will blend with what’s going on. For example, there are a lot of different timbres you can get from just one cymbal. Sometimes, I’ll play it lightly with the tip of the stick and let it really ring. At other times, a choked sound with no overtones fits better, so I’ll hit the cymbal rather hard and let the stick stay on it a little longer to kill the ringing. The same goes for the drums themselves. Many drummers don’t know how to tune their snares and bass drums right. And they just forget about them and lay on that cymbal.

“To me a drum solo must have substance and quality. Each one is something in itself. Before I begin, I try to have a good idea of what I’m going to play. And while I’m playing, I’ll hum some sort of thing to myself. Even if it’s only in raw form such as boom-did-dee, boom-did-dee, boom-did-dee, boom, and then follow that with a rhythmic sound (which I try to hear inside of me before I play it) that will round out the phrase. Each syllable that I hum to myself is not only a separate beat, but also a separate sound.

“The point is that all the time while I’m playing, I hear the tune and try to relate what I’m playing to it. I guess I’m like any jazz musician who thinks as well as feels. That’s what we’re supposed to do, isn’t it?”

Krupa decided in 1967 to retire, explaining. “I felt too lousy to play and was sure I sounded lousy.” But the lure of the stage, audiences and the music brought him back three years later. He appeared with Benny Goodman. Lionel Hampton and Teddy Wilson several times, their most memorable performance being opening night at the 1973 Newport Jazz Festival at Carnegie Hall.

The ’73 Newport Festival was one of Krupa’s last public appearances, as the strain of leukemia weakened him further. On October 16, 1973, Gene Krupa passed away at his home in Yonkers, New York. Several months later, Krupa’s friends and colleagues including Teddy Wilson, Buddy Rich, Louie Bellson, Anita O’Day, Cozy Cole, Roy Eldridge and many others held a tribute concert at New York’s Felt Forum in honor of Krupa’s 65th birthday. Lionel Hampton’s “Drum Concerto” was performed for the occasion — a memorable and fitting tribute to a man whose spirit lives on through the inspiration he passed on to all drummers.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Encyclopedia of Jazz — Leonard Feather, Horizon Press, 1955.
The Big Bands — George Simon, Macmillan Company, 1967.
The New York Times — John S. Wilson, October 17, 1973.
Gene Krupa — Arnold Shaw, Pin-Up-Press Company, 1945.
The New York Herald Tribune — George Simon, Sept. 8, 1963.
The New York Herald Tribune — George Simon, 1961

Gene Krupa 1909-1973 - Modern Drummer Magazine

 

[fncceo]

Polish Greatness

 

[SobieskiSavedEurope]

Poland Fought the Largest Battle in Medieval History…And Won
Crazy Polish Guy / July 11, 2015


It is an unfortunate fact that Poland often gets lambasted for losing wars and getting conquered, and there is no shortage of unfair jokes that portray Poles as dim-witted simpletons who can barely change a light bulb.

But this week, specifically on July 15, is an anniversary that helps the Poles prove those negative stereotypes wrong—it is the anniversary of the Battle of Grunwald, which took place in 1410. You have probably never heard of this battle because the schools tend to focus mostly on the west, but it was the largest battle in medieval history—and Poland won.


The Battle of Grunwald in 1410, as depicted by Polish artist Jan Matejko.

First some background. In the 1200s and 1300s, there were three major groupings of people in Baltic Europe—the Catholic Poles, the pagan Prussians and Lithuanians, and the Catholic German knights, known as the Teutonic Order or Teutonic Knights.

The Teutonic Knights were a mobile fighting force whose goal was to conquer non-Christian peoples and forcefully convert them. In 1226, the Poles had given them land in northern Poland (near Chełmno) in exchange for help in fighting the pagan Prussians.

And fight the Prussians they did. In fact, the Order conquered the Prussians so thoroughly that it caused the tribe’s extinction. The Prussians of succeeding centuries were actually German and had nothing to do with the original people.


Map of Baltic Europe (1410). The Teutonic Order had significant power in the north.

To Poland’s dismay, the Teutonic Knights hung around in order to “convert” the pagan Lithuanians after destroying the Prussians. They actually used conversion as a pretext to enrich themselves off the fat of the land. What is more, over the next century and a half they gradually began encroaching on Polish territory and massacring Poles. By this point, the Teutonic Knights had firmly established themselves in the region, having built Malbork castle, one of the largest castles ever built.

In 1385, Poland and Lithuania united into one kingdom called the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to better protect themselves against the Teutonic Knights. Władysław Jagiełło was crowned king of Poland-Lithuania.

Though threatened by this new force, the knights continued their raids. Minor skirmishes were common on the border regions, but no decisive battles were fought. Finally, in 1410, the Teutonic Order and the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth declared a full scale war on each other, intending to finish the struggle once and for all.

The Order, supported by the papacy and Western Europe, mustered a force of 27,000 heavily-armed warriors, including many from France and England. In addition, they brought in 100 cannons to blast the Poles back to Krakow. Poland-Lithuania assembled a force of 39,000, composed of various eastern peoples including Czechs, Lithuanians, Russians and even some Mongol Tartars. Though more numerous, the Polish side lacked equipment and discipline.


Malbork Castle served as the capital of the Teutonic Order. By some definitions, this is the largest castle in the world, covering 21 hectares.

As a result, the knights, led by Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen, were certain of victory, having brought thousands of human shackles in carts in order to take prisoners after the battle. They marched south to intercept the Polish army.

The Poles rendezvoused with the Lithuanians and the two marched north toward Malbork. Before the battle, the Polish army sang Bogurodzica (Mother of God), the oldest Polish hymn, asking for the Virgin Mary’s protection during the struggle.


Both giant armies met near the tiny village of Grunwald, and the fighting commenced. The Lithuanians charged first with their light cavalry, but they were overcome and forced to retreat with several groups of Germans in pursuit. Meanwhile, the bulk of the Teutonic force engaged the Poles on their right flank, and it seemed like the Polish line would collapse at any moment. At one point, the Polish standard was even knocked down and the King nearly killed. A defeat here would likely have meant Poland’s demise, but the white and red held their ground.

After their initial retreat, the Lithuanians regrouped and returned to the battle. Now the tide turned. The Poles and Lithuanians managed to surround and destroy the Teutonic army, killing the Grand Master in the process. In all, the Teutonic Order lost 8,000 men, and 14,000 were captured. Poland-Lithuania lost 4,000-5,000 warriors and suffered 8,000 wounded.

In the coming months and years, the Teutonic Knights weakened considerably. The vast amount of resources expended to attack Poland crippled the knights economically, while eventual land concessions shrunk their territories. By 1525, the Teutonic Order had deteriorated so much that it became a fief of the Polish king.

Both Poland and Lithuania owe their existence to this victory 608 years ago. Although in succeeding centuries, Poles faced many difficult trials, the memory of their victory at Grunwald would regularly be channeled as a source of national pride and legitimization of their existence. Each year, the Poles recreate the battle during a large festival in July, drawing crowds of spectators. Though it is often romanticized, it truly was an event that ensured Poland’s survival to fight another day.

Check out this Polish TV spot commemorating the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Grunwald in 2010.


Poland Fought the Largest Battle in Medieval History…And Won

 

[Natural Citizen]

I like some of the Polish food.