The method used here, which was developed at the IAP, involves calculating ocean temperatures down to 2000 m using observations from various measurement devices (Abraham et al., 2013; Cheng et al., 2017). The data are available at OHC by IAP. The in-situ temperature measurements that were input into the IAP calculation are available from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Center for Environmental Information (NOAA/NCEI) (Boyer et al., 2013). The Argo observing network was implemented in around 2005, which has significantly improved the ocean-measurement capability (Argo, 2000). The Argo data are collected and made freely available by the International Argo Program and the contributing national programs (http://www.argo.ucsd.edu;JCOMM in situ Observing Platform Support Centre - JCOMMOPS). The Argo Program is part of the Global Ocean Observing System. Note that relatively little is known about the deep ocean below 2000 m because observations at these depths are sparse (Argo data are mainly available for the upper 2000 m). The information on Hurricane Mangkhut came from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018...on-mangkhut-toll-rises28-180916054503320.html. ENSO information can be found at https://origin.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis monitoring/ensostuff/ONI v5.php."