...so what does it mean to be the "chosen people" if it has nothing to do with good works or predestined callings?
For example, what's the relevance of being "goyim"?
The only importance of 'chosen' is that YHVH chose the Jews to receive the Sinai Covenant. In reading the Torah, one comes across references to other Covenants with other peoples - so it's only logical to assume that YHVH had
different 'jobs' for different peoples.... The Torah does not claim to be a complete history of YHVH's dealings with any people, although it is focused on His dealings with the (spiritual) descendants of the Jewish patriarchs.
"Goyim" is simply the Hebrew version of the Latin 'gens' from which we derive 'gentile' and 'genus': it means simply 'people' or 'nation' in Torah and is not inherently a pejorative.
In the famous passage from Michah ch 4: "They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning-hooks; nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more " - the word used in the Hebrew text for 'nation' is 'goy'
This is duplicated in Isaiah 2:4: " They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning-hooks; nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more."
And it's also a popular song: [ame=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ePYRxPVio5s]Lo Yisa Goy J Settel - YouTube[/ame]