Do the masses know what journalism is? My answer is that by and large, I don't think so. Moreover, I don't think Donald Trump and his supporters do. Of if they do, they're deliberately ignoring their awareness of what it is.
Donald Trump has since last year been on a tirade about "the media." He recently declared unilaterally from his "bully pulpit" that the Fourth Estate is an enemy of the American people. Every day we hear the phrase "fake news." Frankly I don't buy any of that crap, and here's why.
Just because information is shared via a news outlet does not in any way in any way make the information be news, nor is the publisher asserting that all the information it shares is news, although all of it is journalism. Journalism is a discipline whereof its practitioners -- journalists -- perform
five categories of journalistic activity (journalism):
- Investigative reporting/journalism (not editorial)
- Investigative journalism aims to uncover the truth about a particular subject, person, or event. While investigative journalism is based on the basic principle underlying all journalism-verification and accurate presentation of facts-investigative reporters must often work with uncooperative or recalcitrant sources who do not wish to divulge information. Renowned investigative journalism, such as Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein’s uncovering of the Watergate scandal, can upend major institutions and significantly influence public life.
- News reporting/journalism (not editorial, except when they sneak in some opinion or conjecture)
- News journalism is straightforward. Facts are relayed without flourishes or interpretation. A typical news story often constitutes a headline with just enough explanation to orient the reader. News stories lack the depth of a feature story, or the questioning approach of an investigative story. Rather, they relay facts, events and information to society in a straightforward, accurate and unbiased manner.
- Reviews (editorial)
- Reviews are partly opinion and partly fact based. The review needs to accomplish two things: one, accurately describe or identify the subject being reviewed, and two, provide an intelligent and informed opinion of the subject, based on research and experience.
- Columns (editorial)
- Columns are based primarily on the personality of the author, allowing him or her to write about subjects in a personal style. Column writers can take a humorous approach, or specialise in a particular subject area or topic. It’s important for columnists to develop their own voice that is recognisable by their readership. Columnists can interpret events or issues or write about their own personal experiences or thoughts. Columns are usually published weekly.
- Feature reporting/writing (can be a mix of news and editorial writing)
- Feature writing provides scope, depth, and interpretation of trends, events, topics or people. Features aim not only to thoroughly explore a topic by conducting interviews with numerous experts or the key people involved, but to offer a previously unseen perspective on an event, issue, or person. Feature writing commonly wins prestigious awards when it manages to achieve this goal. Features usually have the highest word count of all journalism types.
When I watch the news, read a paper or magazine,
a journal paper or
lecture transcript, I have to consider whether I'm reading an opinion piece or a news piece. I imagine everyone must do the same, but if one doesn't know what are the various types of journalism, one can't make that assessment.
Donald Trump seems among the people who don't actually know the differences between the types of journalism, for he has not, to my knowledge, identified any specific news stories that he considers to be "fake news." Instead, in complete disregard of the fact that they produce pieces of all five genres, he brands entire outlets as "fake news." Alternatively, he declares an entire topic of discussion as "fake news." There's no telling, however, what "fake news" specifically means to Trump and Trumpkins, unless, of course, they expressly define the term. I have yet to see such a definition. Maybe it exists.
By my gleaning, Trump and Trumpkins consider as "fake news" anything not expressly adulatory of Trump and his policies. If a journalist accurately and completely reports a set of events, facts or statements, it's declared "fake news" if it has the potential to harm Trump's presidency/Administration. If a journalist reports information that shows the inaccuracy and/or imprecision of a Trump or Trump Admin. employee's statement, it's declared "fake news." I'm sorry, but such declarations fly in the face of integrity.
Sure, news organizations also have commentators whom they pay to editorialize. Often, their columns aren't news at all, and neither are they trying to be news. Whether it's "fake news" or not isn't even something to consider in such cases as it's a given from the outset that the writer is editorializing, opining.
When a news and information outlet publishes what is meant to be a news piece, audience members yet must receive the information
with a critical ear/eye. (Not a criticizing one, but a critical one.) There are clearly
instances of wholly made up information and that is rightly called "fake news." A good deal farther down on the spectrum of mischaracterizations in news reporting, yet more insidious because it's so subtle, is the introduction of "coloring" terms into a news piece that "word by word" diminish the story's objectivity. One can see that displayed in the following excerpt from a legitimate news report.
The narrative above isn't grossly slanted, but it's not purely objective. The statements create an impression that goes beyond the mere telling of events. Do you see the words that do that? It takes very good listening/reading skills to pick up on them, but they are there and they work as intended, which is to say they add connotation to the statements in which they appear. Indeed, that is the very purpose of those words existence in the English language.
The one type of journalism, more than any other, that nobody likes to be the subject of, or even materially connected to, is investigative journalism. This is the type of journalism that the public most needs because it's what informs them of gross misconduct by the people in whom society has placed its greatest degrees of trust. This is the type of news that Trump will call "fake" the instant he gets whiff that such a news story about him is about to break. The public, however, need to know that this type of journalism isn't produced to ruin its object and that it is produced to inform the public and let them decide whether they care about the malfeasance the journalist has uncovered. Care or don't care, but we deserve to know the full story. The only people, aside from law enforcement and they aren't exactly neutral seeing as their goal is to prosecute rather than merely "find out," in our society who have the means to uncover the information.
What strikes me as the biggest problems, however, are:
- The masses these days have this notion that whatever and all information comes their way is opinion. It seems they cannot tell when a speaker/writer is sharing an opinion and when they are sharing facts and findings.
- The masses these days appear unable to tell what information is credibly supported. If they don't like the information that comes their way, they declare and discount it as "just an opinion." That wouldn't be a problem except for the fact that opinions supported by the preponderance of evidence rightly must take precedence over less profoundly substantiated ones. Sadly, however, it seems that the opinion that gets the most "likes" is the one that prevails. That's a dangerous way to run a society.
- The masses aren't well schooled in the processes and techniques of rigorous reasoning. The list of logical fallacies is long, but many folks seem familiar with even half of the fallacious approaches to argument, to say nothing of the other half. That rational naivete leave people vulnerable to all sorts of manipulation. Again, not a good thing.