10. Mutations drive evolution
Yet another concept you don't understand.
Let's finish up here before we move on.
Almost all mutations show a loss of information, Consider the morse code.
If someone wanted to call for help using Morse code, for instance, he or she would send the letters SOS (which is the international distress signal). Morse code for SOS is:
S is dot dot dot [• • •] or three short sounds.
O is dash dash dash [– – –] or three long sounds.
S is dot dot dot [• • •] or three short sounds.
Therefore, it would be [• • • – – – • • •], or three short sounds followed by three long sounds, followed by three short sounds.
A mutation would be like changing a dot to a dash in Morse code. If we tried to spell SOS in Morse code, but changed the first dot to a dash, it would accidentally read:
[– • • – – – • • •]
Dash dot dot is the sequence for D, not S; so it would now read:
D [– • •]
O [– – –]
S [• • •]
So, because of the mistake (mutation), we now read DOS, instead of SOS. If you sent this, no one would think you needed help. This mutation was significant because it did two things to your message:
1.The original word was lost.
2.The intent/meaning was lost.
The DNA strand is similar to, but much more complicated than, Morse code. It uses four letters (G, A, T, C) instead of dashes and dots to make words and phrases. And like Morse code, mutations can affect the DNA strand and cause problems for the organism. These DNA mistakes are called genetic mutations.
Theoretically, genetic mutations (that are not static) can cause one of two things:
1.Loss of information1
2.Gain of new information
Virtually all observed mutations are in the category of loss of information. This is different from loss or gain of function. Some mutations can cause an organism to lose genetic information and yet gain some type of function. This is rare but has happened. These types of mutations have a beneficial outcome. For example, if a beetle loses the information to make a wing on a windy island, the mutation is beneficial because the beetle doesnÂ’t get blown out to sea and killed. Genetically, the mutation caused a loss of information but was helpful to the beetle. Thus, it was a beneficial outcome.
Besides mutations that cause information loss, in theory there could also be mutations that cause a gain of new information. There are only a few alleged cases of such mutations. However, if a mutated DNA strand were built up with a group of base pairs that didnÂ’t do anything, this strand wouldnÂ’t be useful. Therefore, to be useful to an organism, a mutation that has a gain of new information must also cause a gain of new function.
Chapter 7: Are Mutations Part of the ?Engine? of Evolution? - Answers in Genesis
How many positive mutations whould it take to make up the differences between our so called nearest ancester to what humans are today ? going against the fact that beneficial mutations are rare in nature. The majority of mutations show a loss and or are harmful to the organism.