I do Aerospace/Aviation NDT not Civil Engineering NDT, big difference. You would know this if you were really in defense/aviation, but I'll give it a try. It's:
"The Spectral Induced Polarization (SIP) is a newly developed non-destructive geophysical method. It is an extension of conventional electrical resistivity measurements. By measuring additional parameters a more detailed investigation of the subsurface is possible. Up to now SIP is mainly used in mineral exploration, but the number of application examples from near surface geophysics and civil engineering is increasing."
Results are presented from the investigation of slag heaps and measurements on bricks."
The formula is the Cole-Cole-model formula :
The Spectral Induced Polarization (SIP) method is very similar to AC impedance spectroscopy used for investigation on curing concrete or chloride diffusivity [Ref 2,Ref 3]. A sine current is applied to the body under investigation, The amplitude and the phase lag of the resulting voltage is measured (figure 4, left). This is repeated with discrete frequencies between 1mHz and 10kHz. The resulting frequency spectra of resistivity (figure4, right) can be fitted by model formulas derived from electrochemistry or equivalent electrical circuits. Most common, but not always applicable is the Cole-Cole-model formula
constants and variables:
r 0 : DC-resistivity [Wm]
w : circular frequency (= 2pf) [Hz]
m : chargeability
t : time constant
c : frequency dependance
Here's the paper you copied it from:
Spectral Induced Polarization - a tool for non-destructive testing of soils and building materials
Your hackneyed attempt at tripping me up is as weak as your overall debate game. Take a break, study and come back when you develop the skills and intellect to compete on the adult level.