Zone1 How we repair it: White Americans’ attitudes toward reparations

[Toddsterpatriot]

I think what is needed is for whites who are uneducated on this issue to start looking at the evidence in order to learn why reparations are being asked for.

You need to teach your fellow blacks how to succeed, like you did.

 

[IM2]

I don't think you guys understand the message you keep sending with your attitude. You guys are saying "yes we fucked you over and we're going to keep on doing it." Then you wonder why sporadically somebody black just kicks the shit out of a white person and says they did so because of slavery or just because they hate white people. This is the psychosis white racism causes in some white people.

 

[IM2]

Boston University Public Interest Law Journal
Volume 29, Issue 135
Winter 2019
BLACK REPARATIONS FOR TWENTIETH CENTURY FEDERAL
HOUSING DISCRIMINATION:
THE CONSTRUCTION OF WHITE WEALTH AND THE EFFECTS OF
DENIED BLACK HOMEOWNERSHIP

This paper examines the U.S. government’s instigation, participation,authorization, and perpetuation of federal housing discrimination against black Americans from the 1930s to the 1980s and the damage that such discrimination caused and continues to cause today. Delving into the U.S. government’s twentieth century federal housing practices, this paper discusses how the government effectively barred black-Americans from obtaining quality housing and from investing in housing as wealth, while simultaneously subsidizing and endorsing white homeownership, white suburbs, and white wealth.

Part I examines the U.S. government’s housing practices—from the New Deal until the 1968 Fair Housing Act and its 1988 Amendments—to reveal that although the New Deal’s national housing programs revolutionized homeownership and home equity in the United States, the U.S. government’s federal housing programs were racially discriminatory. Specifically, and quite shockingly, the U.S. government actively created and promulgated racist neighborhood rating systems that constructed black neighborhoods and black property as unstable, volatile, hazardous, and not worthy of investment. Using these racist rating systems, the federal government endorsed racial covenants and invested federal money into the creation and accumulation of white wealth, the value of whiteness, white suburbia, and white homeownership. Meanwhile, the government denied blacks federal housing funding, fueling black stigma and barring black-Americans from the invaluable twentieth century opportunities of homeownership and home equity.

Understanding the U.S. government’s discriminatory housing practices, Part II discusses and quantifies the effects of the government’s housing discrimination on black-American households and communities. Finding that approximately 120 billion 1950s dollars--or more than 1.239 quintillion 2019 dollars—were invested to subsidize and create white-American wealth through homeownership...

Black Reparations for Twentieth Century Federal Housing Discrimination: The Construction of White Wealth and the Effects of Denied Black Homeownership

This year marks the 400th anniversary of the first documented arrival of Africans to the United States, which resulted in the enslavement of approximately 4 mil

deliverypdf.ssrn.com

 

[Toddsterpatriot]

I don't think you guys understand the message you keep sending with your attitude. You guys are saying "yes we fucked you over and we're going to keep on doing it." Then you wonder why sporadically somebody black just kicks the shit out of a white person and says they did so because of slavery or just because they hate white people. This is the psychosis white racism causes in some white people.

We're saying you should whine some more, that always works so well.

Blacks in Chicago are whining that illegal aliens are taking resources from black neighborhoods.

Our black mayor is ignoring their whining.

Then you wonder why sporadically somebody black just kicks the shit out of a white person and says they did so because of slavery or just because they hate white people.

Violent ignorant people often ignorantly do violent things. Scott Adams was right.

 

[sparky]

You guys are saying "yes we fucked you over and we're going to keep on doing it."

excuse me?

~S~

 

[Toddsterpatriot]

excuse me?

~S~

He's upset the democrats fucked over blacks.

 

[USAF 2023]

He's upset the democrats fucked over blacks.

The entire Democratic Party did

 

[sparky]

The entire Democratic Party did

~S~

 

[Stryder50]

I don't think you guys understand the message you keep sending with your attitude. You guys are saying "yes we fucked you over and we're going to keep on doing it." Then you wonder why sporadically somebody black just kicks the shit out of a white person and says they did so because of slavery or just because they hate white people. This is the psychosis white racism causes in some white people.

1) You should start your claim against those of Africa and other Old World who @400 years ago captured and sold persons into slavery, i.e. the start point/creation of the slave market.
2) My distant relatives didn't arrive here in USA until after the start of the 20th Century. Fleeing from abuse and oppression in the Old World.
3) If it is unfair and illogical to blame all Blacks for the violence and anti-social actions of a few Blacks, then by the same standard not all Whites can be blamed or responsible for the actions of just a few Whites, especially in the past, generations before the present.

 

[Stryder50]

No that is really not the case, but disingenuous Republicans do what you have just done. Again, slavery is not all reparations are being asked for plus the argument that we should not pay for something we didn't do was destroyed by the fact Native America tribes have received reparations for things whites had not done when the reparations were paid.

Many to a majority of the non-Native Americans disagree with having done that and think such was going overboard and out of proportion.

Two Wrongs do not make a Right.

 

[Stryder50]

Per Ancestry.com my two sons are one-quarter Black: Nigerian.
Will they qualify for the OP's Reparations Scam even though their ancestor wasn't in this country until long after the War Between the States ?

 

[Yarddog]

I’m for letting black people run their own casinos. Same way Indian tribes do. As long as they have actual lineage to parents who were slaves.
Proceeds from the casino could be spent anyway they want and expect!! That they will donate the money to help disadvantaged black people, give them jobs . College funds etc…
All tax free … but for those with ownership of the casino, they would forgo benefits such as social security, medical etc. they should be creating a much larger fortune than any of that and could basically have autonomy.
They can start in the big cities . Bring some jobs.

 

[Batcat]

It seems that the concept of reparations is a problem. Apparently that is based on a lack of knowledge about history. Most just reflexively while not really knowing the iinformation that makes the case for reparations. So it appears that an education as to why reparations should be paid needs to happen and included is the information that can and will be used as part of the case.

The opposition to reparations being paid for something that happened 200 years ago is invalid, you will see why in a few seconds.

How we repair it: White Americans’ attitudes toward reparations​

The United States is again at a crossroads of racial reckoning. The death of George Floyd and the 2020 summer of protests for racial justice added new urgency to ongoing discussions about the legacy of slavery and its contemporary implications for the lives of Black Americans. A key question at the root of this discussion is: how do we repair the harm – economic, physical, and psychological — caused to Black lives by slavery, Jim Crow, redlining, police brutality, and other manifestations of systemic racism?
The United States has used reparations—targeted initiatives intended to concretely repair a harm against a person or persons resulting from the collective action of others—as a means of acknowledging and atoning for its role in other atrocities, including the internment of Japanese Americans and the forced removal and destruction of six indigenous communities: the Ottawas of Michigan, the Chippewas of Wisconsin, the Seminoles of Florida, the Sioux of South Dakota, the Klamaths of Oregon, and the Alaska Natives.* However, the descendants of Africans enslaved on U.S. soil have been notably absent from this history of reparative actions. While the task of reparations seems daunting to many Americans considering the scale of injustice presented by slavery and its aftermath, we believe this is a conversation the country needs to have.

Given that white Americans gained the most from slavery and its compounded effects — a process referred to as unjust enrichment – is their widespread opposition to reparations rooted in maintaining this advantage?

How we repair it: White Americans’ attitudes toward reparations | Brookings

Ashley V. Reichelmann and Matthew O. Hunt explore white Americans’ attitudes toward reparative policies and social factors affecting their views.

www.brookings.edu

1970: Richard Nixon signed into law House Resolution 471 restoring Blue Lake and surrounding area to the Taos Pueblo (New Mexico). The land had been taken by presidential order in 1906. (A History of the Indians in the United States by Angie Debo (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984, p. 422); see also "Taos Pueblo celebrates 40th anniversary of Blue Lake's return" by Matthew van Buren, Santa Fe New Mexican, September 18, 2010.)

The payments from 1971-1988 are taken from the booklet Black Reparations Now! 40 Acres, $50 Dollars, and a Mule, + Interest by Dorothy Benton-Lewis; and borrowed from N’COBRA (National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America).

1971: Around $1 billion + 44 million acres of land: Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act.

1974: A $10 million out-of-court settlement was reached between the U.S. government and Tuskegee victims, black men who had been unwitting subjects of a study of untreated syphilis, and who did not receive available treatments. (“The Tuskegee Timeline”, CDC, updated March 2, 2020.)

1980: $81 million: Klamaths of Oregon. ("Spending Spree" by Dylan Darling, Herald and News (Klamath Falls, OR), June 21, 2005.)

1980: $105 million: Sioux of South Dakota for seizure of their land. (United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, 448 U.S. 371 (1980).)

1985: $12.3 million: Seminoles of Florida. (see Racial Justice in America: A Reference Handbook by David B. Mustard, 2002, ABC-CLIO, p. 81.)

1985: $31 million: Chippewas of Wisconsin. (see Racial Justice in America: A Reference Handbook by David B. Mustard, 2002, ABC-CLIO, p. 81.)

1986: $32 million per 1836 Treaty: Ottawas of Michigan. (see Racial Justice in America: A Reference Handbook by David B. Mustard, 2002, ABC-CLIO, p. 81.)

2016: The U.S. government reached a settlement of $492 million with 17 Native American tribes to resolve lawsuits alleging the federal government mismanaged tribal land, resources, and money. (“U.S. Government To Pay $492 Million To 17 American Indian Tribes” by Rebecca Hersher, NPR, September 27, 2016.)

2018: The Supreme Court, in a 4-4 deadlock, let stand a lower court's order to the state of Washington to make billions of dollars worth of repairs to roads, where the state had built culverts below road channels and structures in a way that prevented salmon from swimming through and reaching their spawning grounds, that had damaged the state’s salmon habitats and contributed to population loss. The case involved the Stevens Treaties, a series of agreements in 1854-55, in which tribes in Washington State gave up millions of acres of land in exchange for "the right to take fish." Implicit in the treaties, courts would later rule, was a guarantee that there would be enough fish for the tribes to harvest. Destroying the habitat reduces the population and thus violates these treaties. This decision directly affects the Swinomish Tribe. ("A Victory For A Tribe That’s Lost Its Salmon" by John Eligon, The New York Times, June 12, 2018.)

Were any of you alive when those tribes were forcibly removed or cheated?

It seems that the concept of reparations is a problem. Apparently that is based on a lack of knowledge about history. Most just reflexively while not really knowing the iinformation that makes the case for reparations. So it appears that an education as to why reparations should be paid needs to happen and included is the information that can and will be used as part of the case.

The opposition to reparations being paid for something that happened 200 years ago is invalid, you will see why in a few seconds.

How we repair it: White Americans’ attitudes toward reparations​

The United States is again at a crossroads of racial reckoning. The death of George Floyd and the 2020 summer of protests for racial justice added new urgency to ongoing discussions about the legacy of slavery and its contemporary implications for the lives of Black Americans. A key question at the root of this discussion is: how do we repair the harm – economic, physical, and psychological — caused to Black lives by slavery, Jim Crow, redlining, police brutality, and other manifestations of systemic racism?
The United States has used reparations—targeted initiatives intended to concretely repair a harm against a person or persons resulting from the collective action of others—as a means of acknowledging and atoning for its role in other atrocities, including the internment of Japanese Americans and the forced removal and destruction of six indigenous communities: the Ottawas of Michigan, the Chippewas of Wisconsin, the Seminoles of Florida, the Sioux of South Dakota, the Klamaths of Oregon, and the Alaska Natives.* However, the descendants of Africans enslaved on U.S. soil have been notably absent from this history of reparative actions. While the task of reparations seems daunting to many Americans considering the scale of injustice presented by slavery and its aftermath, we believe this is a conversation the country needs to have.

Given that white Americans gained the most from slavery and its compounded effects — a process referred to as unjust enrichment – is their widespread opposition to reparations rooted in maintaining this advantage?

How we repair it: White Americans’ attitudes toward reparations | Brookings

Ashley V. Reichelmann and Matthew O. Hunt explore white Americans’ attitudes toward reparative policies and social factors affecting their views.

www.brookings.edu

1970: Richard Nixon signed into law House Resolution 471 restoring Blue Lake and surrounding area to the Taos Pueblo (New Mexico). The land had been taken by presidential order in 1906. (A History of the Indians in the United States by Angie Debo (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984, p. 422); see also "Taos Pueblo celebrates 40th anniversary of Blue Lake's return" by Matthew van Buren, Santa Fe New Mexican, September 18, 2010.)

The payments from 1971-1988 are taken from the booklet Black Reparations Now! 40 Acres, $50 Dollars, and a Mule, + Interest by Dorothy Benton-Lewis; and borrowed from N’COBRA (National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America).

1971: Around $1 billion + 44 million acres of land: Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act.

1974: A $10 million out-of-court settlement was reached between the U.S. government and Tuskegee victims, black men who had been unwitting subjects of a study of untreated syphilis, and who did not receive available treatments. (“The Tuskegee Timeline”, CDC, updated March 2, 2020.)

1980: $81 million: Klamaths of Oregon. ("Spending Spree" by Dylan Darling, Herald and News (Klamath Falls, OR), June 21, 2005.)

1980: $105 million: Sioux of South Dakota for seizure of their land. (United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, 448 U.S. 371 (1980).)

1985: $12.3 million: Seminoles of Florida. (see Racial Justice in America: A Reference Handbook by David B. Mustard, 2002, ABC-CLIO, p. 81.)

1985: $31 million: Chippewas of Wisconsin. (see Racial Justice in America: A Reference Handbook by David B. Mustard, 2002, ABC-CLIO, p. 81.)

1986: $32 million per 1836 Treaty: Ottawas of Michigan. (see Racial Justice in America: A Reference Handbook by David B. Mustard, 2002, ABC-CLIO, p. 81.)

2016: The U.S. government reached a settlement of $492 million with 17 Native American tribes to resolve lawsuits alleging the federal government mismanaged tribal land, resources, and money. (“U.S. Government To Pay $492 Million To 17 American Indian Tribes” by Rebecca Hersher, NPR, September 27, 2016.)

2018: The Supreme Court, in a 4-4 deadlock, let stand a lower court's order to the state of Washington to make billions of dollars worth of repairs to roads, where the state had built culverts below road channels and structures in a way that prevented salmon from swimming through and reaching their spawning grounds, that had damaged the state’s salmon habitats and contributed to population loss. The case involved the Stevens Treaties, a series of agreements in 1854-55, in which tribes in Washington State gave up millions of acres of land in exchange for "the right to take fish." Implicit in the treaties, courts would later rule, was a guarantee that there would be enough fish for the tribes to harvest. Destroying the habitat reduces the population and thus violates these treaties. This decision directly affects the Swinomish Tribe. ("A Victory For A Tribe That’s Lost Its Salmon" by John Eligon, The New York Times, June 12, 2018.)

Were any of you alive when those tribes were forcibly removed or cheate complain loudly and often the Democrats will promise you wonderful reparations beyond your belief.

Well if you complain loudly and often the wonderful Democratic Party will promise to get reparations for the descendants of slaves that will simply be astronomical.

Of course (AS USUAL) they will never deliver but they will blame their failure on racist Republicans.

Meanwhile the Dems will allow millions and millions of illegal immigrants into our nation to keep black wages in the mud. These illegals will get all the money the Dems promised you and then some.

 

[MarathonMike]

It seems that the concept of reparations is a problem. Apparently that is based on a lack of knowledge about history. Most just reflexively while not really knowing the iinformation that makes the case for reparations. So it appears that an education as to why reparations should be paid needs to happen and included is the information that can and will be used as part of the case.

The opposition to reparations being paid for something that happened 200 years ago is invalid, you will see why in a few seconds.

How we repair it: White Americans’ attitudes toward reparations​

The United States is again at a crossroads of racial reckoning. The death of George Floyd and the 2020 summer of protests for racial justice added new urgency to ongoing discussions about the legacy of slavery and its contemporary implications for the lives of Black Americans. A key question at the root of this discussion is: how do we repair the harm – economic, physical, and psychological — caused to Black lives by slavery, Jim Crow, redlining, police brutality, and other manifestations of systemic racism?
The United States has used reparations—targeted initiatives intended to concretely repair a harm against a person or persons resulting from the collective action of others—as a means of acknowledging and atoning for its role in other atrocities, including the internment of Japanese Americans and the forced removal and destruction of six indigenous communities: the Ottawas of Michigan, the Chippewas of Wisconsin, the Seminoles of Florida, the Sioux of South Dakota, the Klamaths of Oregon, and the Alaska Natives.* However, the descendants of Africans enslaved on U.S. soil have been notably absent from this history of reparative actions. While the task of reparations seems daunting to many Americans considering the scale of injustice presented by slavery and its aftermath, we believe this is a conversation the country needs to have.

Given that white Americans gained the most from slavery and its compounded effects — a process referred to as unjust enrichment – is their widespread opposition to reparations rooted in maintaining this advantage?

How we repair it: White Americans’ attitudes toward reparations | Brookings

Ashley V. Reichelmann and Matthew O. Hunt explore white Americans’ attitudes toward reparative policies and social factors affecting their views.

www.brookings.edu

1970: Richard Nixon signed into law House Resolution 471 restoring Blue Lake and surrounding area to the Taos Pueblo (New Mexico). The land had been taken by presidential order in 1906. (A History of the Indians in the United States by Angie Debo (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984, p. 422); see also "Taos Pueblo celebrates 40th anniversary of Blue Lake's return" by Matthew van Buren, Santa Fe New Mexican, September 18, 2010.)

The payments from 1971-1988 are taken from the booklet Black Reparations Now! 40 Acres, $50 Dollars, and a Mule, + Interest by Dorothy Benton-Lewis; and borrowed from N’COBRA (National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America).

1971: Around $1 billion + 44 million acres of land: Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act.

1974: A $10 million out-of-court settlement was reached between the U.S. government and Tuskegee victims, black men who had been unwitting subjects of a study of untreated syphilis, and who did not receive available treatments. (“The Tuskegee Timeline”, CDC, updated March 2, 2020.)

1980: $81 million: Klamaths of Oregon. ("Spending Spree" by Dylan Darling, Herald and News (Klamath Falls, OR), June 21, 2005.)

1980: $105 million: Sioux of South Dakota for seizure of their land. (United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, 448 U.S. 371 (1980).)

1985: $12.3 million: Seminoles of Florida. (see Racial Justice in America: A Reference Handbook by David B. Mustard, 2002, ABC-CLIO, p. 81.)

1985: $31 million: Chippewas of Wisconsin. (see Racial Justice in America: A Reference Handbook by David B. Mustard, 2002, ABC-CLIO, p. 81.)

1986: $32 million per 1836 Treaty: Ottawas of Michigan. (see Racial Justice in America: A Reference Handbook by David B. Mustard, 2002, ABC-CLIO, p. 81.)

2016: The U.S. government reached a settlement of $492 million with 17 Native American tribes to resolve lawsuits alleging the federal government mismanaged tribal land, resources, and money. (“U.S. Government To Pay $492 Million To 17 American Indian Tribes” by Rebecca Hersher, NPR, September 27, 2016.)

2018: The Supreme Court, in a 4-4 deadlock, let stand a lower court's order to the state of Washington to make billions of dollars worth of repairs to roads, where the state had built culverts below road channels and structures in a way that prevented salmon from swimming through and reaching their spawning grounds, that had damaged the state’s salmon habitats and contributed to population loss. The case involved the Stevens Treaties, a series of agreements in 1854-55, in which tribes in Washington State gave up millions of acres of land in exchange for "the right to take fish." Implicit in the treaties, courts would later rule, was a guarantee that there would be enough fish for the tribes to harvest. Destroying the habitat reduces the population and thus violates these treaties. This decision directly affects the Swinomish Tribe. ("A Victory For A Tribe That’s Lost Its Salmon" by John Eligon, The New York Times, June 12, 2018.)

Were any of you alive when those tribes were forcibly removed or cheated?

Perhaps you should work on repairing your dismal reputation for dishonesty and slander on this board. You have ZERO credibility.

 

[Lord-Humungus]

The OP should focus on repairing his view of reparations and leave others alone

 

[IM2]

excuse me?

~S~

I think you saw what was written. If that doesn't apply to you, then its doesn't apply to you. But it most certainly des for a lot of people here.

 

[IM2]

The problem with some of the descendants if the 8 handout plan given to whites is that they believe we are just goingto take the money and waste it. Never mind that our labor and tax noney has gone to programs that financially helped whites and excluded us while they asked for more voer and over and now. Unfortunately for these types, there are a multitude of plans and organizations with plans who could use reparations to implement them at the level needed for success. This is an interview wirth Dr. William Darity Jr, who just happens to be an ecnomist just like Thomas Sowell.​

15 Minutes: William A. Darity Jr., Duke Professor​

Darity is the author of From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century

Where does the concept of reparations come from?

The concept of restitution for black Americans dates to slavery times. There was an expectation that if and when slavery came to an end, there would be some form of redress that would be given to the formerly enslaved.

In January 1865, shortly before the war actually came to an end, General [William] Sherman … met with a group of representatives of the Black community in the Savannah, Georgia, area. The Rev. Garrison Fraser … told Stanton and Sherman that what freedmen needed was land and to be left alone.

Four days later, Sherman issued Special Field Orders No. 15, which is the directive that provided 5.3 million acres of land to be set aside for the freedmen, stretching from the sea islands of South Carolina to northern Florida at the border of the St. Johns River. That [was] the original directive for 40 acres [and a mule].

There have been several major attempts at reparations since the Civil War. What is the most recent?

[In the early 1890s], a woman named Callie House led a movement to get pensions for the formerly enslaved. She [was] able to submit a petition to Congress that had 300,000 signatures on it, and [it was] ignored. The federal government [brought] mail fraud charges against her, and she [was] actually held in prison for, I think, two years or so. It [was] the same sort of charges, essentially, they brought against Marcus Garvey … [during] the second major effort at reparations.

In the 20th century, there were a number of overtures, but perhaps the most significant was Queen Mother Moore going to the United Nations. Of course, if the U.N. had embraced that claim, it still would not have had any capacity to enforce it.

The most recent effort to instrumentalize reparations at the federal level was the 1989 [bill] H.R. 40, which was introduced by the late Congressman John Conyers. [It] proposed a congressional commission … to study the issue and to provide Congress with proposals. This legislation has been rewritten [for the worse] multiple times over the course of the past 30 years.

15 Minutes: William A. Darity Jr., Duke Professor - INDY Week

Darity is the author of From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century

indyweek.com

So what we see here is this generation doing the exact same thing as their parents, grandparents and great great grandparents. This issue could have been settled 150 years ago had it not been for white intransigence.

William A. "Sandy" Darity Jr. (born April 19, 1953) is an American economist and social sciences researcher. Darity's research spans economic history, development economics, economic psychology, and the history of economic thought, but most of his research is devoted to group-based inequality, especially with respect to race and ethnicity. His 2005 paper in the Journal of Economics and Finance established Darity as the 'founder of stratification economics.' His varied research interests have also included the trans-Atlantic slave trade, African American reparations and the economics of black reparations, and social and economic policies that affect inequities by race and ethnicity. For the latter, he has been described as "perhaps the country’s leading scholar on the economics of racial inequality.

He is currently the Samuel DuBois Cook Professor of Public Policy, African and African American Studies, and Economics at Duke University; he is also the director of the Samuel DuBois Cook Center on Social Equity at Duke University. Previously he was the Cary C. Boshamer Professor of Economics and Sociology at the University of North Carolina.
Darity was a visiting scholar at the Federal Reserve's board of governors in 1984, and a fellow at the National Humanities Center (1989-1990), a Visiting Fellow at the Center for the Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (2011-2012), and a visiting senior fellow at the Russell Sage Foundation. For the 2022-2023 academic year, he is the Katherine Hampson Bessett Fellow at the Radcliffe Institute. He is also a former president of the National Economic Association (1986), the Southern Economic Association (1996), and the Association of Black Sociologists (2015-2017).

William A. Darity Jr. - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

 

[MarathonMike]

The problem with some of the descendants if the 8 handout plan given to whites is that they believe we are just goingto take the money and waste it. Never mind that our labor and tax noney has gone to programs that financially helped whites and excluded us while they asked for more voer and over and now. Unfortunately for these types, there are a multitude of plans and organizations with plans who could use reparations to implement them at the level needed for success. This is an interview wirth Dr. William Darity Jr, who just happens to be an ecnomist just like Thomas Sowell.​

15 Minutes: William A. Darity Jr., Duke Professor​

Darity is the author of From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century

Where does the concept of reparations come from?

The concept of restitution for black Americans dates to slavery times. There was an expectation that if and when slavery came to an end, there would be some form of redress that would be given to the formerly enslaved.

In January 1865, shortly before the war actually came to an end, General [William] Sherman … met with a group of representatives of the Black community in the Savannah, Georgia, area. The Rev. Garrison Fraser … told Stanton and Sherman that what freedmen needed was land and to be left alone.

Four days later, Sherman issued Special Field Orders No. 15, which is the directive that provided 5.3 million acres of land to be set aside for the freedmen, stretching from the sea islands of South Carolina to northern Florida at the border of the St. Johns River. That [was] the original directive for 40 acres [and a mule].

There have been several major attempts at reparations since the Civil War. What is the most recent?

[In the early 1890s], a woman named Callie House led a movement to get pensions for the formerly enslaved. She [was] able to submit a petition to Congress that had 300,000 signatures on it, and [it was] ignored. The federal government [brought] mail fraud charges against her, and she [was] actually held in prison for, I think, two years or so. It [was] the same sort of charges, essentially, they brought against Marcus Garvey … [during] the second major effort at reparations.

In the 20th century, there were a number of overtures, but perhaps the most significant was Queen Mother Moore going to the United Nations. Of course, if the U.N. had embraced that claim, it still would not have had any capacity to enforce it.

The most recent effort to instrumentalize reparations at the federal level was the 1989 [bill] H.R. 40, which was introduced by the late Congressman John Conyers. [It] proposed a congressional commission … to study the issue and to provide Congress with proposals. This legislation has been rewritten [for the worse] multiple times over the course of the past 30 years.

15 Minutes: William A. Darity Jr., Duke Professor - INDY Week

Darity is the author of From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century

indyweek.com

So what we see here is this generation doing the exact same thing as their parents, grandparents and great great grandparents. This issue could have been settled 150 years ago had it not been for white intransigence.

Oh wow he's an economist "like" Thomas Sowell. LOL How hilarious you try to establish credibility with your DEI approved economist with Thomas Sowell. BHAHAHAHAHA!!!

 

[IM2]

What are you laughing at Mikey?

 

[MarathonMike]

Per Ancestry.com my two sons are one-quarter Black: Nigerian.
Will they qualify for the OP's Reparations Scam even though their ancestor wasn't in this country until long after the War Between the States ?

Interesting! What say you IM2?