Ivory trade supporting terrorism

[Luddly Neddite]

New documentary called White Gold states -

To get an idea of how rare ivory is now, one and half tusks are enough to finance a major terrorist attack like the one in Nairobi in 1998.

Entire families are wiped out to get the ivory. If poaching continues at this rate, elephants will be extinct in the wild in less than 5 years.

President Obama had 6 tons of confiscated ivory crushed just last week so that it could never get back into circulation and used to fund terrorism.

 

[waltky]

Vietnam illegally importing ivory...

Togo Seizes Nearly 4 Tons of Ivory Headed for Vietnam
February 03, 2014 — Authorities in Togo have seized nearly four tons of ivory - the tusks from over 500 dead elephants - hidden in containers destined for Vietnam, officials said on Monday.

The tusks, disguised as cashew nuts and timber, were found late last month, underscoring a flow of ivory to Asia that environmentalists warn is decimating elephant populations and diplomats say also risks fueling conflict in Africa. Kotchikya Okoumassou, a senior official in Togo's environment ministry, said the tusks were found in two seizures in the port of Lome, one on Jan. 22 and another on Jan. 28. Some 500 elephants would have been killed in the haul, which has a value of around $8 million on the international market, he added.

A Vietnamese man identified as Huu Dinh Khao (L) and two Togolese men stand next to a haul of ivory tusks after being seized by security forces at the port of Lome, Jan. 28, 2014.

Two locals and a man from Vietnam, where the containers were headed to, were arrested but it was not clear where the ivory came from. "Togo only has 115 elephants so it is clear that the ivory did not come from here," Okoumassou said. The international trade in ivory has been banned but conservationists say African elephants are being poached at an alarming rate, especially in Central Africa.

The United Nations warned last year that the ivory trade had become an important source of funding for armed groups and was a growing security concern, especially in Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad and Gabon. Elephants are hunted for their tusks, which are mainly used for carvings but are also used in traditional medicines. The demand mainly comes from Asia, home to growing economies that are increasingly expanding into Africa.

Togo Seizes Nearly 4 Tons of Ivory Headed for Vietnam

 

[westwall]

Unfortunately the bans have had no effect on the poaching. In fact they have made it worse in some areas as the value of black market ivory has shot through the roof. Much as I hate to see it happen, they need to anesthatize the elephant and rhino too, cut their horns off and then re-release the animals so that the poachers will leave them alone. Then sell the ivory through legit channels.

The cost of ivory drops and the animals are saved.

 

[Gracie]

Asians. I know I know. This sounds racist. But dammit. If they didn't keep paying for horns and tusks because they think the powder from them will make their peckers bigger, these animals might survive. And they need to stop the slaughter of dolphins too. Sheesh.

 

[House]

This is going to make it a royal pain to get that chess set I've always wanted built.

 

[waltky]

Westwall wrote: they need to anesthatize the elephant and rhino too, cut their horns off and then re-release the animals so that the poachers will leave them alone. Then sell the ivory through legit channels.

May be wrong, but I don't think rhino horns are ivory...

... think I heard somewhere they are matted hair...

... Gracie is right, the horns are ground to dust and sold as an aphrodisiac.

 

[westwall]

Westwall wrote: they need to anesthatize the elephant and rhino too, cut their horns off and then re-release the animals so that the poachers will leave them alone. Then sell the ivory through legit channels.

May be wrong, but I don't think rhino horns are ivory...

... think I heard somewhere they are matted hair...

... Gracie is right, the horns are ground to dust and sold as an aphrodisiac.

Yes, they are matted hair, but the same problems exist. Poachers kill them for the horn to be sold to Chinese traditional doctors. Cut the horn off, leave the animal alive. Do away with the poachers.

 

[waltky]

Chinese woman arrested in Tanzania for ivory smuggling...

'Queen of Ivory' arrested in Tanzania
Fri October 9, 2015 - A Chinese woman nicknamed the "Queen of Ivory" has been arrested in Tanzania and charged with smuggling at least 706 elephant tusks that authorities say are worth about $2.5 million.

Yang Feng Glan, 66, is thought to be the most notorious ivory trafficker arrested in East Africa in the last decade. She ran a sophisticated supply chain between East Africa and China for about 10 years, Tanzanian authorities say. Many of her suppliers were also arrested. "Across Africa, they keep arresting small fish here and there," said Andrea Costa, a spokesman for the Elephant Action League, a nonprofit group that fights crime against wildlife. "They have finally caught a big fish." Glan is thought to have come to Tanzania as a Swahili-Chinese translator in 1975, when China began to build a railway in the East African nation, according to Elephant Action League. Tanzanian law enforcement says she began trafficking ivory as far back as 2006. Described as "extremely wealthy and extremely connected" in China and Tanzania, Glan owned businesses, including a large restaurant, in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania's largest city, and she was even serving as the secretary general of the Tanzania-China Africa Business Council.

A source close to the investigation told CNN that Glan was under surveillance when, on September 28, an elite police task force swooped in on her in Dar es Salaam. After a brief car chase, she was apprehended. She appeared before Tanzania's High Court on Thursday and was denied bail. This counts as a major success for Tanzania, which is referred to by some as ground zero of elephant poaching in Africa. The East African nation has lost almost two-thirds of its elephants in the last decade, the Environmental Investigation Agency, a UK-based nongovernmental organization, said in a report last year. The arrest was carried out through a new specialized wildlife trafficking unit, part of a larger task force on serious crimes known as the Tanzanian National and Transnational Serious Crimes Investigation Unit. Sources say the unit has arrested at least one wildlife trafficker per day since its inception. Government spokesman Assah Mwambene says the government, through the elite unit, has "stepped up Tanzania's war on poaching."

Many say the issue is with demand, and China has long been cast as the source of the problem as the largest ivory importer in the world. "The elephant species is in the hands of the Chinese President," Costa said. "Once the President decides to close down the legal market of ivory and elephant in China, the poaching of elephants will end." The Chinese government has recently made strides to reduce the ivory trade in the country. In September, Chinese President Xi Jinping and U.S. President Barack Obama made history by announcing that the two countries would protect elephants from the poaching crisis with nearly complete bans on ivory imports and exports, promising "significant and timely steps to halt the domestic commercial trade of ivory."

VIDEO

 

[waltky]

Enormity of elephant poaching...

World's largest ivory stockpile highlights tragic plight of the elephant
4 April 2016 • The world’s largest stockpile of ivory tusks and rhino horn, photographed almost reaching the ceiling of one storage room, highlights the continuing threat of poaching to Africa’s wildlife.

Kenyan wildlife authorities are set to burn more than 105 tons of ivory and one ton of rhino horn in an attempt to discourage the trade widely believed to be fuelling the poaching of elephants and rhinos on the continent. The record-breaking destruction of the elephant tusks and rhino horn is aimed at raising awareness about the protection of elephants in Kenya ahead of a summit on April 28-30.

A worker carries a tusk as he works with others to move the ivory stockpiles​

Kenya’s environment secretary, Professor Judi Wakhungu, said: “Kenya is once again boldly leading the way by demonstrating ivory must be put beyond economic use by burning our entire stockpile. “[This] is evidence of our zero tolerance approach towards poaching and illegal wildlife trade. “Kenya’s wildlife is a major contributor to not only our economic wealth but also our national pride and heritage. The time to ensure its preservation is now.”

A worker stands on a pile of elephant tusks in a shipping container​

The stockpile is from elephants and rhinos killed in conflict with humans, or by poachers, as well as from animals that died naturally, according to Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) Deputy Director Patrick Omondi. In the photos, workers can be seen moving the tusks from a secure strongroom, to be logged and carried outside into shipping containers for storage, at the headquarters of the KWS in the Kenyan capital of Nairobi. It will be the single biggest haul ever to be burned, wildlife authorities have said, ahead of the event on April 30.

Workers carry tusks out of a strongroom to the container at the Kenya Wildlife Service​

Africa had 1.3 million elephants in the 1970s but has only 500,000 today due to factors including the ivory trade and habitat loss, AP reports. “Once common throughout Africa and Asia, elephant numbers were severely depleted during the 20th century, largely due to the massive ivory trade,” the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) says. “While some populations are now stable and growing, poaching, conflict and habitat destruction continue to threaten the species.” In 2014, Raju the elephant was able to enjoy a new life of freedom after more than 50 years spent in chains.

World's largest ivory stockpile highlights tragic plight of the elephant

 

[waltky]

Poaching protest burns confiscated ivory tusks...

Kenya burns huge pile of ivory tusks to protest poaching
Apr 30,`16 -- Kenya's president set fire Saturday to 105 tons of elephant ivory and more than 1 ton of rhino horn, believed to be the largest stockpile ever destroyed, in a dramatic statement by this East African country against the trade in ivory and products from endangered species.

Uhuru Kenyatta put a flame to the biggest of 11 pyres of ivory tusks and one of rhino horn in a chilly afternoon. Overnight torrential rains had threated to ruin the event but stopped midday leaving a mud field around the piles inside Nairobi National Park. "A time has come when we must take a stand and the stand is clear ... Kenya is making a statement that for us ivory is worthless unless it is on our elephants," Kenyatta said. The stacks of tusks represent more than 8,000 elephants and some 343 rhinos slaughtered for their ivory and horns, according to the Kenya Wildlife Service.

Kenya will push for the total ban on trade in ivory at the 17th meeting of the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species to be held in South Africa later this year, said Kenyatta. The pyres were fueled with about 20,000 liters of jet fuel and oxygen, said Robin Hollister, the event's fire master, as a thick plume of white smoke billowed over the yellow flames consuming the ivory. Hollister earlier said it's not known how long the fire will take because the burning of such a quantity is unprecedented.

A worker carries spray bottles of gel fuel to help the burning, as he walks past pyres of ivory that were set on fire in Nairobi National Park, Kenya Saturday, April 30, 2016. Kenya's president Saturday set fire to 105 tons of elephant ivory and more than 1 ton of rhino horn, believed to be the largest stockpile ever destroyed, in a dramatic statement against the trade in ivory and products from endangered species.​

Kenya decided to destroy the ivory instead of selling it for an estimated $150 million. Some critics had suggested that the money raised from the ivory sales could be used to develop Kenya and protect wildlife. But Kenyatta said that Kenya wants to make the point that ivory should not have any commercial value. Others said the burning will not end the killing of elephants because international gangs take advantage of Kenya's porous borders and corruption to continue the illegal trade.

MORE

See also:

33 rescued lions arrive in South Africa in airlift
Apr 30,`16 -- The roars of lions filled the cargo section of Johannesburg's OR Tambo International Airport Saturday evening as 33 lions rescued from South American circuses landed in South Africa where they will be released into a bush sanctuary for big cats.

It was the largest airlift of lions in history, said Jan Creamer, president of Animal Defenders International, which carried out the operation. "These lion have suffered tremendously," Creamer said as the lions were loaded in crates onto trucks. "They lived in small cages on the backs of trucks for their entire lives. Some of them had their teeth bashed in with steel pipes in circuses in Colombia and Peru. Some of them had their claws removed. ... It is a wonderful feeling to bring them back to their home."

Nine of the lions were surrendered by a circus in Colombia. The remaining 24 were rescued in raids on circuses in Peru by the animal defense group and officials enforcing a crackdown on wildlife trafficking. The lions will be placed in quarantine in enclosures at the 5,000-hectare (12,355-acre) Emoya Big Cat Sanctuary in Vaalwater in northern South Africa, started three years ago by a single mother and her teenage daughter.

Airport cargo handlers attends to cages of former circus lions on their arrival at OR Tambo International airport in Johannesburg, South Africa, Saturday, April 30, 2016. Thirty-three lions rescued from various circuses in Peru and Colombia are heading to Johannesburg live out the rest of their lives in a private sanctuary in South Africa, organized and paid for by Animal Defenders International​

The 33 lions will be monitored by a vet for their first weeks in Africa. They will then be introduced to each other in a 1-hectare (2.47-acre) bonding enclosure. Many of the lions were never allowed to have direct physical contact with other lions and have never been together without a fence or a cage separating them.

Due to their poor physical state, the lions will never be able to hunt again and will have to be cared for with food and water for the rest of their lives. Emoya will feed the cats with game meat which it buys in bulk. The enclosures will be fitted with drinking pools, platforms and toys to ensure the lions don't become bored and will be steadily expanded as they become familiar with their new life, said Savannah Heuser, who started Emoya with her mother.

MORE

 

[waltky]

Usin' sniffer dogs to bust ivory traffickers...

Sniffer Dogs Bust Ivory Traffickers in Kenya, Tanzania
June 06, 2016 — Countries Sunday observed World Environment Day, whose theme this year is combating the $20 billion illegal wildlife trade. In East Africa, a new team of sniffer dogs has joined the fight.

Asha, an English Springer Spaniel, excitedly twirls in circles and strains on her leash. She scrambles over suitcases on a conveyor belt full of luggage at Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi. Floppy ears and a lolling pink tongue give her a playful look, but Asha is hard at work. Asha sniffs a canvas backpack, briefly sits, then excitedly grabs a toy her handler gives to her. This is her reward for finding a piece of hidden ivory during a demonstration of her abilities.

One of eight new dogs that has been trained to sniff out ivory in airports and ports in Kenya and Tanzania to combat wildlife trafficking, Nairobi, Kenya.​

Asha has been specially trained to sniff out ivory in airports and ports in Kenya and Tanzania. She is part of a new team of eight sniffer dogs combating illegal ivory trafficking trained by the African Wildlife Foundation in partnership with the Kenyan Wildlife Service and Tanzania’s wildlife division. Eight more dogs are being trained in the program and will be deployed to Mozambique and Uganda. Since they started in January, the dogs have led 26 busts of ivory and other illegal wildlife products. “If you have four or six busts in one month, that’s really something. It speaks to the international community that this area is well-guarded and we are combating wildlife trafficking,” said Mark Kinyua, head of Kenyan Wildlife Service’s Canine Unit.

Big bust

At the end of March, sniffer dogs confirmed a large seizure of ivory in cargo transiting through Nairobi on its way to Bangkok from Mozambique. The ivory was worth more than $60,000. Michael Ogwora, a dog trainer with the African Wildlife Foundation, says the dogs are highly attuned to sniffing for ivory. “We use a small amount of ivory, maybe some grams, and the dog can detect 0.5 grams hidden in a bag or luggage. The dog will just go straight there instead of going to each and every bag.” But the dogs are also detecting other illegal wildlife products, including more than 500 kilograms of pangolin scales in cargo at Nairobi’s international airport in March, and 16 lives turtles in May. This year, about 1,000 kilograms of pangolin scales have been seized.

Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) canine handler Patrick Musau leads his dog Rocco to sniff through luggages on February 12, 2016 at the Jommo Kenyatta International airport, Nairobi.​

The dogs at Nairobi’s international airport have made more finds than any other detection dog teams in East Africa, said Will Powell, African Wildlife Foundation’s Conservation Canine Director. Powell is based in Arusha, Tanzania. For 20 years, Powell has been training dogs to sniff for landmines and explosives in conflict zones such as Afghanistan, Bosnia, Sudan and Ethiopia. Powell says training dogs to sniff for ivory is not so different from teaching them to detect explosives. When they find the target substance, dogs are rewarded with praise and toys.

Handlers are key

 

[waltky]

East Asians at the heart of ivory smuggling...

East Asian networks 'smuggle ivory across Africa'
Thu, 07 Jul 2016 - East Asian criminal networks in Africa have become the biggest challenge in the fight against the illegal trade in elephant tusks, a new report finds.

Researchers say the syndicates are run by Chinese and Vietnamese nationals working with corrupt officials and have become the main challenge in the fight against the illegal wildlife trade. They are involved in poaching and moving large illegal ivory consignments across Africa and then to Asia. Ivory carvings are prized in East Asia as status symbols. The finding by Traffic, a wildlife trade investigating agency, was based on the increasing number of Chinese and Vietnamese nationals being arrested during illegal ivory seizures. The small West African country of Togo is the latest hub for shipping large consignments of ivory, often from across the continent, to Asia, the report found.

Ivory processing in Africa

Researchers said some of the arrests also involved Thai and North Korean nationals. "At the present time, Asian criminal networks, often in collaboration with local political and economic elites, completely dominate the supply of raw ivory out of Africa," the report prepared for the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (Cites) said. "This is exacerbated by increasing evidence of direct Chinese involvement in Africa-based ivory processing operations in many countries including Angola, Congo, Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa and Zimbabwe."

Seized elephant tusks​

Illegal ivory trade at a glance:

* Largest ivory trade flow in Africa: Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda
* Largest trade outside Africa: China, Vietnam, Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia
* Main ivory processing centres in Africa: Angola, Congo-Brazzaville, Ivory Coast, DR Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa and Zimbabwe
* Main storage location for ivory and rhino horns: Mozambique
* Main transit hubs in Africa for onward shipping: Togo and Malawi
* Main air transport hub: Ethiopia

Source: Traffic

Traffic recorded 61 cases of large scale ivory seizures between 2011 and 2014, almost double the numbers during 1998-2006. "In most of these seizures, Chinese and Vietnamese nationals were arrested," said Traffic's Tom Milliken, who wrote the report. The report found that 87% of the 2014 seizures in Ethiopia, an important air transport hub connecting Africa and Asia, involved Chinese nationals. It has identified Mozambique as a base where East Asian criminal syndicates can operate, mainly because ivory traffickers are not normally imprisoned. The Chinese and Vietnamese embassies there did not respond to the BBC's request for comment.

Big business

 

[waltky]

No consensus over ivory trade in Africa...

Africa is divided over ivory trade
Sep. 21, 2016 — Africa is divided over whether to sell the ivory of its elephants, whose continent-wide population has plummeted because of poaching.

Namibia, Zimbabwe and South Africa will argue for the right to sell ivory at an international wildlife conference that starts Saturday in Johannesburg. They are opposed by about 30 African countries that want to tighten an international ban on the ivory trade amid growing concern over elephants, which have been slaughtered in the tens of thousands in recent years. Additional resistance to the pro-trade lobby includes a plan by China, the world's main ivory consumer, to close its domestic market. The United States has announced a near-total ban on the domestic sale of African elephant ivory.

Namibia has said it does not expect the Johannesburg talks at the meeting the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, or CITES, to go in its favor. It has argued that it has a large elephant population that often comes into conflict with communities, and that funds from ivory sales can go back into conservation programs. South Africa supports Namibian and Zimbabwean proposals for international ivory sales, said Edna Molewa, South Africa's environment minister. While there is opposition from "some African brothers on the continent," southern countries with robust elephant populations should not be treated the same way as other nations hit hard by elephant poaching, she told foreign correspondents on Tuesday.

Some 3,500 delegates are expected to attend the meeting of the CITES group, which has 183 member countries and aims to ensure that international trade in wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. Proposals that are put to a vote require a two-thirds majority to be accepted. CITES had allowed a one-off sale of elephant ivory that was completed in 2009. In that sale, ivory from Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe went to China and Japan. The number of savannah elephants in Africa dropped by about 30 percent from 2007 to 2014 because of poaching, according to a recent study.

Africa is divided over ivory trade

 

[waltky]

UN doesn't buy excuse...

Namibia, Zimbabwe fail to get UN permission to export ivory
Tuesday 4th October, 2016: Namibia and Zimbabwe failed on Monday to convince a U.N. body on Monday that they should be allowed to export ivory: something they had argued would protect rather than further endanger Africa's elephants.

Member countries of the U.N.'s Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) voted overwhelmingly to reject the proposals to sell tusks seized from poachers and taken from animals that had died naturally or been put down by the state. "African elephants are in steep decline across much of the continent due to poaching for their ivory, and opening up any legal trade in ivory would complicate efforts to conserve them," said Ginette Hemley, the head of the CITES delegation for conservation group WWF. "It could offer criminal syndicates new avenues to launder poached ivory, undermining law enforcement," she said.

A global ban on ivory sales was imposed in 1989 to stem a wave of poaching, but CITES allowed Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe to sell stockpiles to Japan in 1999. They were joined by South Africa in 2008 in a sale to China and Japan. Namibia and cash-strapped Zimbabwe had both argued that the sales were needed to raise money for conservation and that their populations have been stable or growing, triggering conflict with poor rural farmers. Zimbabwe said it had a 70 tonne ivory stockpile estimated to be worth US$35 million. Other African nations, such as Kenya, are strongly opposed to any reopening of the ivory trade on the grounds that it will stimulate demand and threaten its own elephants.

In the secret ballots, Namibia's proposal lost 73 to 27, Zimbabwe's 80 to 21, both far short of the two-thirds required to pass. "Ivory belongs to the elephants and ivory is worth more on a live animal rather than a dead animal," Kenya's environment minister, Judi Wakhungu, told Reuters. Kenya, which also bans sports hunting, has for decades focussed on wildlife-watching safaris and ecotourism as the main revenue streams from its big animals. In April it burnt 105 tonnes of ivory from 8,000 animals. Tens of thousands of elephants have been poached in Africa the past decade to meet demand for ivory in newly affluent Asian economies, where it is prized for carvings and other decorative purposes.

CITES recommended on Sunday that countries with legal domestic ivory markets - which are not regulated by the convention as its remit is cross-border trade - start closing them down because they are seen as contributing to poaching. Elephant populations have drastically declined in east and central Africa, with Tanzania estimated to have lost around 60 percent of its population of the animals in the past decade. But a number of southern African states - with notable exceptions such as Mozambique - have stable to growing elephant numbers. The southern African kingdom of Swaziland has tabled a proposal to sell rhino horn but it is also unlikely to get the green light.

Namibia, Zimbabwe fail to get UN permission to export ivory

 

[waltky]

China gonna stop it's ivory trade...

China says it will shut down ivory trade by end of 2017
Dec 30,`16) -- China says it plans to shut down its ivory trade by the end of 2017 in a move designed to curb the mass slaughter of African elephants.

The Chinese government will end the processing and selling of ivory and ivory products by the end of March as it phases out the legal trade, according to a statement released on Friday. China had previously announced it planned to shut down the commercial trade, which conservationists described as significant because China's vast, increasingly affluent consumer market drives much of the elephant poaching across Africa. "This is a game changer for Africa's elephants," said Aili Kang, the Asia director for the New York-based Wildlife Conservation Society.

China, which has supported an ivory-carving industry as part of its cultural heritage, said carvers will be encouraged to change their activities and work, for example, in the restoration of artifacts for museums. More efforts will be made to stop the illegal trade, the statement said. China has allowed trade in ivory acquired before a 1989 ban on the ivory trade by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, which seeks to regulate the multi-billion-dollar trade in wild animals and plants.

An elephant walks through the bush at the Southern African Wildlife College on the edge of Kruger National Park in South Africa. The Chinese government said in a statement released on Friday Dec. 30, 2016, it will shut down its official ivory trade at the end of 2017 in a move designed to curb the mass slaughter of African elephants.​

China also permits trade from a one-time, CITES-approved purchase by China and Japan of an ivory stockpile from several African countries in 2008. Conservation groups say China's illegal trade has since flourished and that criminal syndicates have used the legal Chinese market as cover for their illicit business in tusks. The number of Africa's savannah elephants dropped by about 30 percent from 2007 to 2014, to 352,000, because of poaching, according to a study published this year. Forest elephants, which are more difficult to count, are also under severe threat.

News from The Associated Press

 

[waltky]

Ivory Investigator Found Dead in Kenya...

Ivory Investigator Found Dead in Kenya
February 05, 2018 - One of the world's top investigators into the illegal ivory and rhino horn trade has been killed.

Esmond Bradley Martin was found in his home with a stab wound in his neck Sunday in Nairobi. The 75-year-old American was known for undercover work that resulted in exposing ivory traffickers and markets.

Ivory tusks are stacked to be burned in Nairobi National Park, Kenya, April 30, 2016. 105 tons of elephant ivory and more than 1 ton of rhino horn were destroyed in a bid to stamp out the illegal ivory trade.​

Wildlife Direct CEO, Dr. Paula Kahumbu, said Martin's research helped uncover ivory traders in the United States, Congo, Vietnam, Nigeria, Angola, China, and recently Myanmar.

His work was essential in China's decision to stop the illegal rhino horn trade in 1993. Martin's research also led to China's ending of its legal ivory sales, a ban that went into effect January 1.

Ivory Investigator Found Dead in Kenya