A tough and pragmatic leader, outspoken advocate for social justice and women's rights, and resilient and intelligent politician, Hillary Rodham Clinton has achieved many "firsts" in her roles as First Lady of the United States, U.S. Senator, presidential candidate, and Secretary of State. As she put it in her 2003 memoir
Living History, "My mother and my grandmothers could never have lived my life; my father and my grandfathers could never have imagined it. But they bestowed on me the promise of America, which made my life and my choices possible."
Coming of Political Age in the 1960s
Through her teenage years, Hillary mirrored her father's political leanings. At 13, she canvassed the South Side of Chicago after
Richard Nixon's defeat by
John F. Kennedy, and she volunteered for Barry Goldwater's campaign in 1964. In 1965, she enrolled as a political science major at Wellesley College, where she became the
president of the Young Republicans Club her freshman year.
But the tumultuous years of the 1960s opened Hillary's mind to new political perspectives. After hearing
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. speak in 1962, Hillary began to develop strong opinions about civil rights, social justice, and the
Vietnam War.
By
1968, she was exploring the political landscape and working for politicians of both parties. She supported Eugene McCarthy's (D-Minn) presidential campaign, served as a summer intern for the House Republican Conference (attending the Republican National Convention as a volunteer to draft
Nelson Rockefeller), and witnessed the protests at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago. Before the end of that year, she decided to leave the Republican Party -- or as she later put it, "it left her."
Pragmatic Activist
As president of the student government at Wellesley, Hillary became an activist committed to working within the system. Seeking to ward off violence in the wake of
King's assassination, she helped organize a disciplined two-day strike on campus and worked as a liaison to channel constructive dialogue and meaningful action. Her commencement address garnered national attention in
Life magazine.
As a student at Yale Law School, Hillary continued to pursue her interests in social justice, children and families, and politics. She was on the board of the
Yale Review of Law and Social Action, worked at the Yale Child Study Center, took on cases of child abuse, volunteered at New Haven Legal Services, and researched the problems of migrant workers for Walter Mondale's Subcommittee on Migrant Labor. In her post-graduate year, she continued her work studying children and medicine and served as staff attorney for the Children's Defense Fund in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
A Force of Nature
In the spring of 1971, Hillary introduced herself to
Bill Clinton, whom she had seen around the Yale campus. Bill had "a vitality that seemed to shoot out of his pores," (
Living History, 52) she reflected. They
shared a common interest in social justice and politics, and began what would be a lifelong relationship.
In 1974, when Bill returned to Arkansas to pursue his political career,
Hillary moved to Washington to work as a member of the impeachment inquiry staff advising the House Committee on the Judiciary during the
Watergate investigation. When President Richard Nixon resigned later that year, it brought Hillary's job to an end, and she made the life-defining decision to move to Fayetteville, Arkansas to be with Bill. The next year they wed in a small ceremony at their home.
Career Woman, Mother, and First Lady of Arkansas
Hillary started out as
a faculty member at the University of Arkansas Law School, where Bill was teaching when he ran unsuccessfully for Congress. In 1976, Bill won his first elected position as Attorney General of Arkansas and the couple moved to the capital city of Little Rock. There, Hillary began
working at the well-established and politically connected Rose Law Firm, where, within a few years, she became the first woman to be named a full partner. She served on the boards of several non-profit organizations and large corporations, including as the first female board member of Wal-Mart, and
was the primary breadwinner for the Clinton family. She also continued working on behalf of families, co-founding Arkansas Advocates for Children & Families in 1977, and on political campaigns, serving as Jimmy Carter's Indiana director of field operations in 1976.
Reforms in Arkansas
Hillary played an unusually prominent role as Arkansas' first lady during Bill's total of five terms as governor (
1979-81 and 1983-92). She chaired the
Rural Health Advisory Committee, working to expand medical facilities for the poor, and she achieved hard-fought reforms in public education as chair of the Arkansas Educational Standards Committee.
In 1983 she was recognized as Arkansas Woman of the Year, and Arkansas Young Mother of the Year in 1984; in 1988 and '91 she earned a spot on the National Law Journal's list of the 100 most influential lawyers in America. Her work on education also helped the public consider Bill as the "education governor," and helped raise his national profile.
Back to Washington and Hard Lessons
In 1993, when Bill was elected America's
42nd president, the couple moved back to Washington.
Hillary was the first First Lady to have a postgraduate degree, her own professional career, and her own office in the West Wing of the White House. And she was the first since
Eleanor Roosevelt to take on a prominent role in policy-making. Her high profile in the administration again made her a target for political opposition.
the list goes on and on...
Hillary Rodham Clinton . Clinton . WGBH American Experience PBS