Juneteenth is the oldest nationally celebrated commemoration of the ending of slavery in the United States. Dating back to 1865, it was on
June 19th that the Union soldiers, led by
Major General Gordon Granger, landed at
Galveston, Texas with news that the war had ended and that the
enslaved were now free. Note that this was
two and a half years after President Lincoln’s
Emancipation Proclamation - which had
become official January 1, 1863. The Emancipation Proclamation had little impact on the Texans due to the minimal number of Union troops to enforce the new
Executive Order. However, with the
surrender of General Lee in April of 1865, and the
arrival of General Granger’s regiment, the
forces were finally strong enough to
influence and
overcome the resistance.
Later attempts to explain this
two and a half year delay in the receipt of this important news have yielded
several versions that have been handed down through the years. Often told is the story of a messenger who was
murdered on his way to Texas with the news of freedom. Another is that the news was
deliberately withheld by the enslavers to maintain the labor force on the plantations. And still another is that federal troops actually waited for the slave owners to reap the benefits of
one last cotton harvest before going to Texas to enforce the Emancipation Proclamation. All of which, or none of these versions could be true. Certainly, for some,
President Lincoln's authority over the rebellious states was in question. Whatever the reasons, conditions in Texas
remained status quo well beyond what was statutory.
General Order Number 3
One of General Granger’s first orders of business was to read to the people of Texas,
General Order Number 3 which began most significantly with:
"The people of Texas are informed that in accordance with a Proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free. This involves an absolute equality of rights and rights of property between former masters and slaves, and the connection heretofore existing between them becomes that between employer and hired laborer."