It wasn't much of a 'philosophical' revolution, just a consequence of English Parliament against the King, and an economic crash to the Crown treasury that necessitated attempting to get the colonies to pay their share of the costs of defending them after nearly a century of benign neglect and looking the other way on the illegal trade that built the early fortunes of people like Hancock and others.
A lot of high mined philosophical hubris and the like was thrown around, but it's not to be taken seriously, it was just for propaganda purposes, and mostly not anything the Founders actually believed or practiced themselves; they were a pretty bourgeois and practical lot. They tossed the fanatics under the bus after the war, and deported Otis; nobody likes blowhards and cranks.
Somebody already brought up the importance of past movements, but mainly it was Christian influences for the most part, though it's not trendy or fashionable to say so these days.
An example:
Thomas Helwys - Religion-wiki
"Thomas Helwys (c. 1575 — c. 1616), an Englishman, was one of the joint founders, with
John Smyth of the
Baptist denomination.
In the early seventeenth century,
Helwys was principal formulator of that distinctively Baptist request: that the church and the state be kept separate in matters of law, so that individuals might have a freedom of religious conscience. Thomas Helwys was an advocate of
religious liberty at a time when to hold to such views could be dangerous. He died in prison as a consequence of the religious persecution of Protestant
dissenters under
King James I."
Other trends go back to John Ball, Thomas of Aquina, Augustine, Origen, to Plato and Aristotle, both of whom had a significant influence on the intellectuals behind both the New Testament and the Jewish scholars before and after the Jesus era. The First Great Awakening, the evangelical revivals in the decades before the Revolution, were key supporters when the war wasn't popular with most colonials, and the Second Great Awakening that were responsible for Jefferson's elections. they voted for Jefferson almost unanimously, and why Jefferson was so concerned to not offend the Danbury Baptists. Most of these trends go back to Bolingbroke and beyond, and the long centuries of religious dissent in Britain and Europe. 'Bolingbrokism' was the largest influence by far on the Jeffersonians, far more so than Locke or any of the other more well known philosophers.
