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http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/files/Rossi-Focardi_paper.pdf
Abstract
A process (international patent publication N. WO 2009/125444 A1)
capable of producing large amounts of energy by a nuclear fusion process
between nickel and hydrogen, occurring below 1000 K, is described. Ex-
perimental values of the ratios between output and input energies obtained
in a certain number of experiments are reported. The occurrence of the
e¤ect is justi…ed on the basis of existing experimental and theoretical re-
sults. Measurements performed during the experiments allow to exclude
neutron and gamma rays emissions.
1. Introduction
It is well known that in chemical reactions, and more speci…cally in processes
used to obtain energy, as for example oil, gas and carbon combustion, only some
electronVolts (eV) can be obtained for every couple of atoms involved. This
depends on the fact that binding energies of external atomic electrons are in the
eV range.
On the other hand, in nuclear transformations, the energy quantities that
can be absorbed or released are of the order of mega-electronVolts (MeV) for
every couple of nuclei involved in the process. As a consequence, for every given
amount of energy obtained, the mass to be transformed by a nuclear process is
about a millionth of that necessary for a combustion.
It is a general rule, valid for all stable compounds, that the mass for a
compound is lower than the total mass of all constituents. In such conditions, the
mass-energy conservation principle guarantees stability against the spontaneous
disintegration into the components. As a consequence, for the nuclei, the mass
of every stable nucleus turns out to be lower than the sum of the masses of all
its components (protons and neutrons).
he sum of the masses of all
its components (protons and neutrons).
If we denote by mp and mn the mass values of free protons and neutrons, and
by np and nn the numbers of protons and neutrons belonging to a given (stable)
nucleus N, the nuclear stability is insured by the always positive di¤erence
= npmp + nnmn �� mN
Figure 1: Binding Energy versus number of nucleons
where mN represents the nucleus mass.
An important parameter, whose value is directly connected to the nuclear
stability, is the binding energy for a nucleon B [1], de ned as the ratio between
and the mass number, that is the total nucleon number np+ nn:
B =
np + nn
. (2)
Fig.1 shows, for all stable nuclei, the binding energy B (express
Abstract
A process (international patent publication N. WO 2009/125444 A1)
capable of producing large amounts of energy by a nuclear fusion process
between nickel and hydrogen, occurring below 1000 K, is described. Ex-
perimental values of the ratios between output and input energies obtained
in a certain number of experiments are reported. The occurrence of the
e¤ect is justi…ed on the basis of existing experimental and theoretical re-
sults. Measurements performed during the experiments allow to exclude
neutron and gamma rays emissions.
1. Introduction
It is well known that in chemical reactions, and more speci…cally in processes
used to obtain energy, as for example oil, gas and carbon combustion, only some
electronVolts (eV) can be obtained for every couple of atoms involved. This
depends on the fact that binding energies of external atomic electrons are in the
eV range.
On the other hand, in nuclear transformations, the energy quantities that
can be absorbed or released are of the order of mega-electronVolts (MeV) for
every couple of nuclei involved in the process. As a consequence, for every given
amount of energy obtained, the mass to be transformed by a nuclear process is
about a millionth of that necessary for a combustion.
It is a general rule, valid for all stable compounds, that the mass for a
compound is lower than the total mass of all constituents. In such conditions, the
mass-energy conservation principle guarantees stability against the spontaneous
disintegration into the components. As a consequence, for the nuclei, the mass
of every stable nucleus turns out to be lower than the sum of the masses of all
its components (protons and neutrons).
he sum of the masses of all
its components (protons and neutrons).
If we denote by mp and mn the mass values of free protons and neutrons, and
by np and nn the numbers of protons and neutrons belonging to a given (stable)
nucleus N, the nuclear stability is insured by the always positive di¤erence
= npmp + nnmn �� mN
Figure 1: Binding Energy versus number of nucleons
where mN represents the nucleus mass.
An important parameter, whose value is directly connected to the nuclear
stability, is the binding energy for a nucleon B [1], de ned as the ratio between
and the mass number, that is the total nucleon number np+ nn:
B =
np + nn
. (2)
Fig.1 shows, for all stable nuclei, the binding energy B (express
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