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Biden Investigation, continued.
For any Biden involvement in Ukraine, first stop on this trajectory is the Lugar Center @ Tbilisi. Dilyana Gaytandzhieva (USMB search) mentioned "mosquitoes" but did not mention sandflies. There are sandflies endemic to Tbilisi, where Dilyana approached the Lugar fence of the installation, keeping in mind SFTSV vectored by ticks and Lutzomiya sandflies as vectoring the basis of ebola vaccine: VSV.
'Sandflies as Vectors of Pathogenic Agents
Sandflies were suspected as possible vectors of causative agents of disease in the early 20th century. Their role in the transmission of pappataci fever and of leishmaniasis in the Old and New World was proved at that time.
It was proven that some South American species of sandflies transmit species of Bartonella...Macgregor (1917) and Byam (1922) assumed that sandflies may transmit dengue fever. Pringault (1921) found that Phlebotomus perniciosus is naturally infected with spirochetes of the genus Borrelia. Chinese scientists (Yao, Wu and Sun, 1938) write that some species of sandflies possibly transmit Wucheria bancrofti in China, e.g., P. mongolensis, in addition to mosquitoes.
De Souza-Araujo (1943) found in the proboscis and stomach of several specimens of Lutzomiya intermedia acid- and alcohol-resistant bacteria which were found after the sandflies had fed on lepers.
The experiments of Smithburn, Haddow and Lumsden (1949) are of special interest. They inoculated monkeys in Uganda with a suspension of 133 sandflies of various species. The animals became infected with yellow fever after 34 days. On the other hand, monkeys inoculated with s suspension of more than 4,000 mosquitoes (but excluding Aedes africanus) did not become infected.'
However, there is no further information about these records in the literature.
Some species of sandflies are infected with leishmanias of lizards. Feng (1950-1951) records that Sergentomiya squamipleuris, which readily feeds on lizards, snakes and toads, is the intermediate host of Trypanosoma bocagei of Bufo gargarisans.
....
Pappataci fever drew special attention because it affects a large number of people simultaneously. Epidemics of this disease were studied mainly among troops, and various authors have therefore called it the "soldier's disease."
Russian literature also gives no new data on immunity to sandfly fever. It is stated in "Rukovodstvo po infektsionnym boleznyam (Handbook of Infectious Diseases) (1962) that immunity is not stable, and relapses may take place in the same season." (p. 549)
The disease which is now called pappataci fever of sandfly fever was first mentioned more than 150 years ago by British physicians in a description of large outbreaks of fever among the crews of British ships in parts of the Mediterranean in 1799. It was variously interpreted and named until it was defined in 1886 by Pick as an independent nosological entity with the name of "climatic gastroenteritis."
Fever of short duration in the Crimea were called "intermittent fever" at the end of the 19th century. They were included in the category of "summer grippe" after 1890.
....
The studies of Petrischeva show that burrows are the characteristic biotope of sandflies in nature, and that they remain in them during the day.
....Sandflies also inhabit abandoned buildings and man-made or natural caves. These caves are frequent shelters of bats, lizards and snakes. All these animals are a source of food for sandflies inhabiting caves.'
(Perfil'ev, Fauna S.S.S.R, Diptera" Phleobotmidae, No. 2, trans. from the Russian by Israeli Program for Scientific Translations, Ltd. (1968))
For any Biden involvement in Ukraine, first stop on this trajectory is the Lugar Center @ Tbilisi. Dilyana Gaytandzhieva (USMB search) mentioned "mosquitoes" but did not mention sandflies. There are sandflies endemic to Tbilisi, where Dilyana approached the Lugar fence of the installation, keeping in mind SFTSV vectored by ticks and Lutzomiya sandflies as vectoring the basis of ebola vaccine: VSV.
'Sandflies as Vectors of Pathogenic Agents
Sandflies were suspected as possible vectors of causative agents of disease in the early 20th century. Their role in the transmission of pappataci fever and of leishmaniasis in the Old and New World was proved at that time.
It was proven that some South American species of sandflies transmit species of Bartonella...Macgregor (1917) and Byam (1922) assumed that sandflies may transmit dengue fever. Pringault (1921) found that Phlebotomus perniciosus is naturally infected with spirochetes of the genus Borrelia. Chinese scientists (Yao, Wu and Sun, 1938) write that some species of sandflies possibly transmit Wucheria bancrofti in China, e.g., P. mongolensis, in addition to mosquitoes.
De Souza-Araujo (1943) found in the proboscis and stomach of several specimens of Lutzomiya intermedia acid- and alcohol-resistant bacteria which were found after the sandflies had fed on lepers.
The experiments of Smithburn, Haddow and Lumsden (1949) are of special interest. They inoculated monkeys in Uganda with a suspension of 133 sandflies of various species. The animals became infected with yellow fever after 34 days. On the other hand, monkeys inoculated with s suspension of more than 4,000 mosquitoes (but excluding Aedes africanus) did not become infected.'
However, there is no further information about these records in the literature.
Some species of sandflies are infected with leishmanias of lizards. Feng (1950-1951) records that Sergentomiya squamipleuris, which readily feeds on lizards, snakes and toads, is the intermediate host of Trypanosoma bocagei of Bufo gargarisans.
....
Pappataci fever drew special attention because it affects a large number of people simultaneously. Epidemics of this disease were studied mainly among troops, and various authors have therefore called it the "soldier's disease."
Russian literature also gives no new data on immunity to sandfly fever. It is stated in "Rukovodstvo po infektsionnym boleznyam (Handbook of Infectious Diseases) (1962) that immunity is not stable, and relapses may take place in the same season." (p. 549)
The disease which is now called pappataci fever of sandfly fever was first mentioned more than 150 years ago by British physicians in a description of large outbreaks of fever among the crews of British ships in parts of the Mediterranean in 1799. It was variously interpreted and named until it was defined in 1886 by Pick as an independent nosological entity with the name of "climatic gastroenteritis."
Fever of short duration in the Crimea were called "intermittent fever" at the end of the 19th century. They were included in the category of "summer grippe" after 1890.
....
The studies of Petrischeva show that burrows are the characteristic biotope of sandflies in nature, and that they remain in them during the day.
....Sandflies also inhabit abandoned buildings and man-made or natural caves. These caves are frequent shelters of bats, lizards and snakes. All these animals are a source of food for sandflies inhabiting caves.'
(Perfil'ev, Fauna S.S.S.R, Diptera" Phleobotmidae, No. 2, trans. from the Russian by Israeli Program for Scientific Translations, Ltd. (1968))
