COVID-19’s Biological Politics

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The Nam Dinh nidovirus, however, also occurs in the Yunnan area (Lancang and Nu Rivers) that hosts SARS-CoV-2’s closest relative, RaTG13.

Dec 2017 Pu’er, Yunnan: Nam Dinh Virus, Missing Link in the Nidoviruses

https://29083983

Tongguan (Mojiang copper mine) and Pu’er can be located on this map:

Jinghong Map

Jinghong

Jinghong is the capital of Xishuangbanna in southern Yunnan. Jinghong has about 643,000 residents. Mapcarta, the open map.

mapcarta.com

Once more returning to Trump’s antimalarial, hydxroxychloroquine, the mosquito vector of Nam Dinh nidovirus is Culex tritaeniorynchus. As will be shown, there is a copper connection to the antiviral effects in SARS-COV-2 infection.

China: Zika Virus Vector, Culex tritaeniorynchus

Emergence of Zika Virus in Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Anopheles sinensis Mosquitoes in China - PubMed

Zika virus (ZIKV) has been isolated from mosquitoes such as Aedes, Mansonia uniformis, and Culex perfuscus; However, the isolation of ZIKV from Anopheles sinensis and Culex tritaeniorhynchus has not yet been reported. In June and July 2018, 22,985 mosquitoes and 57,500 midges were collected in...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Linking to another human coronavirus:

Nov 2015 UK: Destruction of CoV-229E on Copper Surfaces

Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials - PubMed

Respiratory viruses are responsible for more deaths globally than any other infectious agent. Animal coronaviruses that "host jump" to humans result in severe infections with high mortality, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and, more recently, Middle East respiratory syndrome...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Nov 2020 India: Copper-Mediated SARS-CoV-2 Immunity / Groundwater

Does Yadgir population have copper-mediated intrinsic immunity to resist COVID-19 challenge? - PubMed

Does Yadgir population have copper-mediated intrinsic immunity to resist COVID-19 challenge?

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

 

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Pu’er / Missing Nidovirus Link

Investigation on Mosquito-Borne Viruses at Lancang River and Nu River Watersheds in Southwestern China - PubMed

During 2007 and 2010, an extensive entomological survey was performed to assess the distribution of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne arboviruses at Lancang River and Nu River watersheds in southwestern China. A total of 20,450 mosquitoes consisting 20 species was trapped and submitted 261 pools...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

 

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Culex tritaeniorynchus is vector of another phelbovirus, Rift Valley Fever, and indeed links to another fruit bat as its reservoir as well as a bat related to RaTG13-harboring Rhinolophus: Hipposideros, also as its reservoir. RVF is considered a biological weapon.

Rift Valley Fever

Rift Valley fever - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Being a missing nidovirus link, Nam Dinh virus has all of the necessary genomic criteria to classify it as a nidovirus (except [italics]) the uridylate-specific endoribonuclease mentioned previously for the shrimp nidovirus (gill-associated virus, GAV). A report from Germany links this enzyme to another parasite linking chloroquine-hydroxychloroquine: African sleeping sickness parasite, Trypanosoma brucei:

2008 Germany: Uridylate-Specific / Zinc / African Trypanosomes

TbMP42 is a structure-sensitive ribonuclease that likely follows a metal ion catalysis mechanism - PubMed

RNA editing in African trypanosomes is characterized by a uridylate-specific insertion and/or deletion reaction that generates functional mitochondrial transcripts. The process is catalyzed by a multi-enzyme complex, the editosome, which consists of approximately 20 proteins. While for some of...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

‘....TbMP42.’

A report from Saudi Arabia and Malaysia links chloroquine, endoribonuclease, and vitamin D to SARS-CoV-2:

Sep 2020 Vitamin D / SARS-CoV-2 Nsp15

Vitamin D is a potential inhibitor of COVID-19: In silico molecular docking to the binding site of SARS-CoV-2 endoribonuclease Nsp15 - PubMed

Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a pandemic threat to public health. Vaccines and targeted therapeutics to prevent infections and stop virus proliferation are currently lacking. Endoribonuclease Nsp15 plays a vital role in the life cycle, including replication and transcription as...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

 

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This report from Israel shows monoclonal antibodies are working against SARS-CoV-2:

21 Aug 2021 Tel Aviv: MD65 & BL6 Monoclonal Antibodies

The neutralization potency of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic human monoclonal antibodies is retained against viral variants - PubMed

A wide range of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been reported, most of which target the spike glycoprotein. Therapeutic implementation of these antibodies has been challenged by emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants harboring...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

’....Thus, despite the accumulation of spike mutations, the highly potent MD65 and BL6 monoclonal antibodies retain their ability to bind the prevalent viral mutants, effectively protecting against B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants.’

 

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The following report includes a Conflicts of Interest section:

17 Aug 2021 SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies

A vaccine-induced public antibody protects against SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants - PubMed

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 antigenic variants with increased transmissibility is a public health threat. Some variants show substantial resistance to neutralization by SARS-CoV-2 infection- or vaccination-induced antibodies. Here, we analyzed receptor binding domain-binding monoclonal...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

’....Thus, 2C08-like antibodies can be induced by SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and mitigate resistance by circulating variants of concern.’

 

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Monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 links to poliovirus:

25 Aug 2021 SARS-CoV-2 / Fc-gamma Receptor

Illuminating the Fc dependence of SARS-CoV-2 neutralization - PubMed

Monoclonal antibodies show efficacy in treating COVID-19, but the functional requirements for protection are unclear. In this issue of Immunity, Ullah et al. (2021) develop a stable SARS-CoV-2 reporter virus and use bioluminescence imaging to longitudinally monitor infection and assess...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

’Antibody-mediated protection depends on the Fc domain and Fc-gamma receptor-expressing immune cells.’

Aug 1999. Tokyo: Poliovirus Fc-gamma / Monoclonal Antibodies

Multiple pathways for establishment of poliovirus infection - PubMed

Poliovirus (PV) infects susceptible cells through poliovirus receptor (PVR), which functions to bind virus and to convert its conformation. To study early infection process of PV, infection systems were employed using in vitro cultured cells and in vivo neural pathway of PVR transgenic (Tg)...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

 

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In Japan, a new mutation has arisen in the Delta variant during the third week of Aug 2021:

31 Aug 2021 Tokyo Medical and Dental University / N501S

https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/new-delta-variant-n501s-mutatyion-confirmed-in-japan-coronavirus-pandemic-latest-updates-730558

 

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New Delta variant mutation confirmed in Japan

The research team, led by Associate Professor Hiroaki Takeuchi at Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital, said that the mutation was found when a patient infected with the Delta variant visited the institute earlier this month, reports Xinhua news agency.

www.indiatvnews.com

 

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Links to the new Japanese Delta variant N501S mutation:

Atlantic Salmon Bafinivirus: S501

Chinook Salmon Bafinivirus: S501

Ball Python Nidovirus 1: S501

 

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Ivermectin is going to be linked to Gracie’s fenofibrate thread, so recalling its history, the origin of ivermectin is from a golf course near Ito City, which may be compared with Neophocaenus at Shimuzu Hrbor, west of Ito.

Shimuzu Harbor / Ito City

Shimizu Harbour

Shimizu Harbour is a port in Shimizu, Shizuoka, Shizuoka. Shimizu Harbour is situated nearby to Verkehr Museum and S-Pulse Dream Plaza.

mapcarta.com

 

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Shi’s Wuhan lab report for WSSV of crayfish (2006):

Multiple envelope proteins are involved in white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in crayfish - PubMed

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a devastating viral pathogen of cultured shrimp worldwide. Previous studies have shown that the intact virion consists of at least 39 structural proteins and, among them, six were identified as envelope proteins involved in the virus infection. In this paper...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

It will be shown that ivermectin, from Streptomyces avermitilis at Ito City, Japan, links to algae that harbor Streptomyces, and this same alga, Ulva, can differentiate between the antiviral effects for both yellow head virus (YHV) and white spot syndrome (WSSV) infecting shrimp.

(1986) H.G. Davies, R.H. Green, Avermectins and Milbemycins

Avermectins and milbemycins - PubMed

Avermectins and milbemycins

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

’....The source was another example of the fecund Japanese soil, this time from Kawana, Ito City.’

May 2021 Thailand: YHV / WSSV / Ulva intestinalis

Chemical composition of a hot water crude extract (HWCE) from Ulva intestinalis and its potential effects on growth performance, immune responses, and resistance to white spot syndrome virus and yellowhead virus in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus v

In the present study, a hot water crude extract from Ulva intestinalis (Ui-HWCE) was used as a dietary supplement, and the effects on growth, immune responses, and resistance against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and yellowhead virus (YHV) infection in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

’....Ulva intestinalis hot water crude extract (Ui-HWCE) exhibits growth promoting, immune stimulatory and antiviral activity.’

The Ui-HCWE was antiviral only for the nidovirus, YHV, not for Wuhan lab’s WSSV.

Feb 2019 Desertomycin from Streptomyces-Ulva / MCF-7 Breast Cancer

Desertomycin G, a New Antibiotic with Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Human Breast Tumor Cell Lines Produced by Streptomyces althioticus MSM3, Isolated from the Cantabrian Sea Intertidal Macroalgae Ulva sp - PubMed

The isolation and structural elucidation of a structurally new desertomycin, designated as desertomycin G (<b>1</b>), with strong antibiotic activity against several clinically relevant antibiotic resistant pathogens are described herein. This new natural product was obtained from cultures of...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Ivermectin indeed docks to the SARS-CoV-2 virus:

Icahn Medical School, Mt. Sinai, New York: Ivermectin Docks to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor Binding Domain Attached to ACE2

Ivermectin Docks to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-binding Domain Attached to ACE2 - PubMed

The ivermectin docking we identified may interfere with the attachment of the spike to the human cell membrane. Clinical trials now underway should determine whether ivermectin is an effective treatment for SARS-Cov2 infection.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

 

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Ivermectin (from Omura’s Kawana golf course Streptomyces) can now be linked with azithromycin (used in combination with paromomycin [Streptomyces]) via Satoshi Omura’s cerulenin, which links to fatty acid biosynthesis and Gracie’s fenofibrate thread which includes the statins:

Satoshi Omura / Cerulenin

Account Suspended

‘....Cerulenin, produced by a true fungus, Acremonium caerulens, proved to be the first inhibitor of fatty acid (lipid) biosynthesis ever found. It became the lead compound for development of the medically important statins, inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis, and it remains a pivotal research reagent to this day.’

Azithromycin is used in combination with paromomycin (from Streptomyces rimosus), a secondary metabolite of this organism, which also produces oxytetracycline and tetracycline. Azithromycin and paromomycin are in combination against cryptosporidiosis. According to the Wiki paromomycin page

‘Polyketide Synthesis: S. Rimosus’s oxytetracycline polyketide synthase acyl carrier protein differs from most ACPs by having a C-terminus extension. Reference :
White SW, et al, “The Structural Biology of Type II Fatty Acid Biosynthesis” .‘

White SW links Omura’s cerulenin:

Mar 2001 White SW et al / Cerulenin

Inhibition of beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthases by thiolactomycin and cerulenin. Structure and mechanism - PubMed

The beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthases are key regulators of type II fatty acid synthesis and are the targets for two natural products, thiolactomycin (TLM) and cerulenin. The high resolution structures of the FabB-TLM and FabB-cerulenin binary complexes were determined. TLM...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Azithromycin binds to the SARS-CoV-2 RBD at position Y103. This links, without mutating, to TGEV spike protein position 103, which is a tyrosine (Y). TGEV is the porcine coronavirus that has been shown in a German study to be able to subsist on metal surfaces for up to 28 days.

 

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If a porcine virus (PRRSV) is the most ancient ancestor to SARS-CoV-2, viability on surfaces may correlate with other time windows in its biology.

From Promedmail....
Lancet Infectious Diseases: Post-Vaccination Infection Risk Factors

https://doi-org/1-.1016/S1473-3099(21)00460-6

’ To conclude, the odds of post-vaccination infection following the first dose was increased in frail, older adults and in those living in deprived areas, and were decreased in individuals without obesity. Compared with unvaccinated controls, after the second vaccine dose, individuals were less likely to have prolonged illness (symptoms for 28 days or more), more than 5 symptoms in the first week of illness, or present to hospital.’

 

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Redirecting

doi.org

 

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Some environmental comparisons of viral persistence are:

’SARS-CoV-1 on plastic 22-25 deg. C: 28 days (Chan, et al, 2011)’

Stability of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in the environment and on common touch surfaces and the influence of climatic conditions: A review - PubMed

Although the unprecedented efforts the world has been taking to control the spread of the human coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and its causative aetiology [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)], the number of confirmed cases has been increasing drastically. Therefore...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

TGEV >49 days water @ 4 deg. C
TGEV reagent water 49 days @ 25 deg. C
HCov E229 > 130 days @ 4 deg. C
FIPV > 130 days @ 4 deg. C

Coronavirus in water media: Analysis, fate, disinfection and epidemiological applications - PubMed

Considerable attention has been recently given to possible transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via water media. This review addresses this issue and examines the fate of coronaviruses (CoVs) in water systems, with particular attention to the recently available information on the novel SARS-CoV-2. The...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

’SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA persisted in feces for 33 days after the patient was tested negative for viral RNA in the respiratory tract....The indicator organism (poliovirius-1) showed six times longer persistence in water than HCoV of FIPV.’

SARS-CoV-2 in environmental perspective: Occurrence, persistence, surveillance, inactivation and challenges - PubMed

The unprecedented global spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is depicting the distressing pandemic consequence on human health, economy as well as ecosystem services. So far novel coronavirus (CoV) outbreaks were associated with SARS-CoV-2 (2019), middle...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

 

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We’ll review the history of ivermectin, linking it to an Oregon pocket gopher. Along the way, this German study will be considered:

Jun 2021 Ivermectin gegen Hakenwurm — und Coronavirus?

Ivermectin gegen Hakenwurm - und Coronavirus? - PubMed

Ivermectin gegen Hakenwurm - und Coronavirus?

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

 

[Rigby5]

Conclusion being that there are lots of under utilized alternative medications to ameliorate covid symptoms.

 

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Conclusion being that there are lots of under utilized alternative medications to ameliorate covid symptoms.

Other people may be more interested in alternate chemistry that physically attaches to the communist SARS-CoV-2 virus such as ivermectin.

Ivermectin Docks to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-binding Domain Attached to ACE2 - PubMed

The ivermectin docking we identified may interfere with the attachment of the spike to the human cell membrane. Clinical trials now underway should determine whether ivermectin is an effective treatment for SARS-Cov2 infection.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

 

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It looks like fruit-bat vectors, since Nipah (with a high mortality rate) samples also came from bitten fruits:

6 Sep 2021 Kozhikode Village, India / Nipah Virus Outbreak

Nipah virus: 11 more people showing symptoms in Kozhikode village where boy died

A day after a 12-year-old boy in Kozhikode succumbed to the Nipah virus, Kerala health minister Veena George confirmed that 11 more people are showing symptoms of the viral infection.

www.indiatoday.in

’....rambutan fruits....’

 

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Fruits of the Sapindaceae:

Rambutan Tree

Rambutan - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org