The Yellow Peril

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Zach Hing

Peace.
 
Chinese Americans in Mississippi under Jim Crow
Thu Jun 12th 2014 by abagond


Segregated Chinese school – Bolivar County, Mississippi (1938). Click to enlarge.

A guest post by commenter Jefe:

Chinese Americans in Mississippi under Jim Crow (1877-1967) were classified as “colored”. In the 1920s, when it started to affect the education of their children, they fought back. By the 1950s they were almost “white”.


Jim Crow: “separate but equal”

What being “colored” meant for them:

  • Employment: In the Mississippi Delta nearly all Chinese men became self-employed grocers to black sharecroppers, a niche whites did not want.
  • Marriage and family: Anti-miscegenation laws added “Mongolian” and “Malay” as races that could not marry whites. Meanwhile the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 made it nearly impossible to bring over wives or brides from China. Most Chinese men remained bachelors, though some married black. After 1910 “Paper Sons and Daughters” began to arrive from China, through a loophole in the Exclusion Act created by the San Francisco Earthquake of 1906.
  • Education: In the 1920s their children were kicked out of white schools and forced to go to the immensely inferior coloured schools. Gong Lum of Rosedale, Mississippi took it to the Supreme Court. He lost: in Lum v Rice (1927) the Supreme Court ruled that any jurisdiction could classify a non-white group as “colored” as long as “equal” facilities were provided.

Old Chinese Mission School, Cleveland, Mississippi, 1937. Click to enlarge.

To fight this, Chinese Americans:

  1. Set up their own schools. By the 1930s Mississippi had dozens of Chinese schools.
  2. Contributed money to white institutions (churches, civic organizations, social clubs, politicians, etc.).
  3. Became Christians through Chinese missions opened up by white churches.
  4. Had white people witness them mimicking whites in their treatment of blacks.
It slowly took effect. Some churches closed their Chinese missions and let their congregations attend the white churches. Some districts could not afford schools for 3 separate races and eventually closed the Chinese schools. If one white school would not accept Chinese students, parents would send their kids to a school in another district. The acceptance to white institutions was not universal; it often depended on the whites in the local community.

One Chinese group was left behind – those who married black or were part black. Whites made it very clear that in order to let Chinese into any white institution, they must guarantee that they were full Chinese with no “Negro” blood.

By the early 1950s, the separate Chinese schools had closed and most Chinese children were attending white schools. Chinese had to work continuously to gain “white” status. Some contributed to the White Citizens Council to oppose segregation – while some also contributed to the NAACP to appease their black customers. They always had to walk a racial tightrope to please whites without offending blacks.

They would be “white” for some things, but not for others. They could attend the white schools, but could not be valedictorian or date any whites. They were not always permitted to move into white neighborhoods.

In 1954 Brown v Board overturned Lum v Rice.

In 1967 Loving v Virginia overturned anti-miscegenation laws.

By the 1960s, mechanization had replaced hand labour in the cotton fields. The Delta lost much of its black population in the Great Migration. With their customer base disappearing, most Chinese were leaving the Delta by the 1970s – after spending decades trying to be accepted as “white”.



Chinese Americans in Mississippi under Jim Crow
 
Gong Lum v. Rice

In this constitutional case, the U.S. Supreme Court, composed entirely of Bok Guey (whites), adjudged Hon Yen (Chinese) to be in the same social classification as Lo Mok (blacks). The Supreme Court’s decision permitted the state of Mississippi to define Martha Lum as a member of the “colored races” so that “white schools” could remain segregated. The origins of “Lotuses among the Magnolias” involved southern planters’ fears that emancipation had spoiled their newly freed slaves. The question posed by planters was whether the freed people would work without the sting of the lash. Planters answered by recruiting Chinese labor and by 1900 the majority of coolie labor came from the “Sze Yap” or Four Counties district southwest of Canton in South China.

By the 1920s a thriving Chinese community had developed in Mississippi which now included school age children. In 1924, Rosedale Consolidated High School forced Martha Gong Lum, daughter of a prosperous Chinese grocer, to leave school because of her ethnicity. The Gong Lums sued but the Mississippi Supreme Court ruled, “Chinese are not white and must fall under the heading, colored races.” On appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court, the Gong Lums listened as the high court justices agreed with the Mississippi court and stated, “Similar laws (of segregation) have been enacted by Congress under its general power…over the District of Columbia as well as by…many of the States…throughout the Union, both in the North and South.”

Gong Lum v. Rice (1927) • BlackPast

Gong Lum v. Rice, 275 U.S. 78 (1927)
 
Chinese Exclusion Act
Tue Jun 3rd 2014 by abagond



The Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) was a US law that shut off all immigration of the Chinese race to the US – except for scholars, merchants, diplomats and professionals. Chinese people already in the US had to carry ID, even citizens. It is where the American idea of “illegal aliens” comes from, the beginning of the country’s racist immigration policies.

At first just immigration from China was limited, then Japan and Korea were added (1907), then the Asiatic Barred Zone (1917) and then southern and eastern Europe (1924). On top of that, Chinese and Mexicans were being driven out by violence and deportation.

That is why the US was so lily-white in the 1950s. Some think of that as the “natural” state of the country, but it was the creation of a set of racist policies that began with the Chinese Exclusion Act, policies that were not overturned till 1965.

In 1881 Senator John F. Miller of California spoke in favour of the Act. He said the Chinese were:

machine-like … of obtuse nerve, but little affected by heat or cold, wiry, sinewy, with muscles of iron; they are automatic engines of flesh and blood; they are patient, stolid, unemotional … [and] herd together like beasts.

He wanted to save the US from the “gangrene of oriental civilization”, from a “degraded and inferior race”.

Senator George Frisbie Hoar of Massachusetts opposed the Act. He said it was “legalization of racial discrimination”, that it made a mockery of the Declaration of Independence:

We go boasting of our democracy, and our superiority, and our strength. The flag bears the stars of hope to all nations. A hundred thousand Chinese land in California and everything is changed … The self-evident truth becomes a self-evident lie.

The New York Times said of Hoar:

It is idle to reason with stupidity like this.

Passage of the law was followed by the Driving Out: anti-Chinese riots and massacres in the West. Many who could afford to leave the US, left. At one point the city government of San Francisco considered burning down Chinatown – as a public health measure.

The law was extended so that Chinese were denied entry when they tried to return after visiting China – even if they had family and property in the US. Even if they were a US citizen:

In 1895 Wong Kim Ark returned to the US after visiting his parents in China – and was denied entry even though he was an American-born citizen. It went to the Supreme Court in United States v Wong Kim Ark (1898).

The United States argued that to accept Chinese Americans as citizens because of a “mere accident of birth” would be:

a most degenerate departure from the patriotic ideals of our forefathers; and surely in that case American citizenship is not worth having.

The Supreme Court upheld the Fourteenth Amendment: anyone born in the US was a citizen regardless of race.

In California, the Chinese-born were 90% male. The Exclusion Act made it next to impossible to bring over wives or brides from China, while state law did not allow Chinese Americans to marry Whites till 1948.

Chinese Exclusion Act
 
Some of us here need to remember from whence they came. Most notably the asians around here sounding like white supremacists.

The Malleable Yet Undying Nature of the Yellow Peril

Tim Yang

Racial stereotypes don't die; they don't even fade away. Though Asian Americans today have "achieved" model minority status in the eyes of the white majority in America by "pulling ourselves up by our bootstraps" through our supposedly quiet, dignified demeanor and gritty, "overachieving" work ethic, the terms of the racial discrimination we face remain the same today as they have since the first Asians began settling en masse in the United States more than a century and a half ago. At the root of this discrimination is the idea of a "Yellow Peril," which, in the words of John Dower is "the core imagery of apes, lesser men, primitives, children, madmen, and beings who possessed special powers" amidst a fear of invasion from the sleeping giant of Asia. Since its inception in the late 19th century, the idea of the Yellow Peril has colored the discourse regarding Asian Americans and has changed back and forth from overt, "racist hate," to endearing terms of what Frank Chin describes as "racist love." In times of war, competition or economic strife, Asian Americans are the evil enemy; in times of ease, Asian Americans are the model minority able to assimilate into American society. What remains the same is that the discrimination, whether overt or not, is always there.

Untitled Document
As if blacks didn't look bad enough, Asians make them look so much worse. It's the hard work and study I guess.
 
Last edited:
Some of us here need to remember from whence they came. Most notably the asians around here sounding like white supremacists.

The Malleable Yet Undying Nature of the Yellow Peril

Tim Yang

Racial stereotypes don't die; they don't even fade away. Though Asian Americans today have "achieved" model minority status in the eyes of the white majority in America by "pulling ourselves up by our bootstraps" through our supposedly quiet, dignified demeanor and gritty, "overachieving" work ethic, the terms of the racial discrimination we face remain the same today as they have since the first Asians began settling en masse in the United States more than a century and a half ago. At the root of this discrimination is the idea of a "Yellow Peril," which, in the words of John Dower is "the core imagery of apes, lesser men, primitives, children, madmen, and beings who possessed special powers" amidst a fear of invasion from the sleeping giant of Asia. Since its inception in the late 19th century, the idea of the Yellow Peril has colored the discourse regarding Asian Americans and has changed back and forth from overt, "racist hate," to endearing terms of what Frank Chin describes as "racist love." In times of war, competition or economic strife, Asian Americans are the evil enemy; in times of ease, Asian Americans are the model minority able to assimilate into American society. What remains the same is that the discrimination, whether overt or not, is always there.

Untitled Document


Yes, the majority of "us" Americans... as far as I can see are trying to assimilate with each other, have respect, love for each other. Though unfortunantly the lowest common denominators are often held up as the norm, meant to pit us against each other and tell us the lie that nothing has changed.

Its no supprise that most of race hatred dpromotion comes from the great minds that also promote socialism and in the extreme, Communism. As the Great Karl Marx taught us the best way to break down a society is to pit each part of society against each other. Got to break it down before you can build it back up into a model of utopia.
I dont disagree with all your points. racism still exists and a people, US blacks have historically suffered the most next to native Americans.
But its no reason to break it all down and throw it away because what you will end up leaving your grandkids will be something much less after we fall apart. Problem with revolutionaries is they dont know how to govern once its all over. They can just say ooops, sorry, my bad .
 
Some of us here need to remember from whence they came. Most notably the asians around here sounding like white supremacists.

The Malleable Yet Undying Nature of the Yellow Peril

Tim Yang

Racial stereotypes don't die; they don't even fade away. Though Asian Americans today have "achieved" model minority status in the eyes of the white majority in America by "pulling ourselves up by our bootstraps" through our supposedly quiet, dignified demeanor and gritty, "overachieving" work ethic, the terms of the racial discrimination we face remain the same today as they have since the first Asians began settling en masse in the United States more than a century and a half ago. At the root of this discrimination is the idea of a "Yellow Peril," which, in the words of John Dower is "the core imagery of apes, lesser men, primitives, children, madmen, and beings who possessed special powers" amidst a fear of invasion from the sleeping giant of Asia. Since its inception in the late 19th century, the idea of the Yellow Peril has colored the discourse regarding Asian Americans and has changed back and forth from overt, "racist hate," to endearing terms of what Frank Chin describes as "racist love." In times of war, competition or economic strife, Asian Americans are the evil enemy; in times of ease, Asian Americans are the model minority able to assimilate into American society. What remains the same is that the discrimination, whether overt or not, is always there.

Untitled Document
As if blacks didn't look bad enough, Asians make them look so much worse. It's the haard work and study I guess.

Not really. Blacks ended overt racism. Asians have benefited from our leadership on this matter.
 
Some of us here need to remember from whence they came. Most notably the asians around here sounding like white supremacists.

The Malleable Yet Undying Nature of the Yellow Peril

Tim Yang

Racial stereotypes don't die; they don't even fade away. Though Asian Americans today have "achieved" model minority status in the eyes of the white majority in America by "pulling ourselves up by our bootstraps" through our supposedly quiet, dignified demeanor and gritty, "overachieving" work ethic, the terms of the racial discrimination we face remain the same today as they have since the first Asians began settling en masse in the United States more than a century and a half ago. At the root of this discrimination is the idea of a "Yellow Peril," which, in the words of John Dower is "the core imagery of apes, lesser men, primitives, children, madmen, and beings who possessed special powers" amidst a fear of invasion from the sleeping giant of Asia. Since its inception in the late 19th century, the idea of the Yellow Peril has colored the discourse regarding Asian Americans and has changed back and forth from overt, "racist hate," to endearing terms of what Frank Chin describes as "racist love." In times of war, competition or economic strife, Asian Americans are the evil enemy; in times of ease, Asian Americans are the model minority able to assimilate into American society. What remains the same is that the discrimination, whether overt or not, is always there.

Untitled Document
As if blacks didn't look bad enough, Asians make them look so much worse. It's the haard work and study I guess.

Not really. Blacks ended overt racism. Asians have benefited from our leadership on this matter.
Did I mention Asians beg a lot less and are far less whiny?

They get that pride is important. You obviously don't.
 
Some of us here need to remember from whence they came. Most notably the asians around here sounding like white supremacists.

The Malleable Yet Undying Nature of the Yellow Peril

Tim Yang

Racial stereotypes don't die; they don't even fade away. Though Asian Americans today have "achieved" model minority status in the eyes of the white majority in America by "pulling ourselves up by our bootstraps" through our supposedly quiet, dignified demeanor and gritty, "overachieving" work ethic, the terms of the racial discrimination we face remain the same today as they have since the first Asians began settling en masse in the United States more than a century and a half ago. At the root of this discrimination is the idea of a "Yellow Peril," which, in the words of John Dower is "the core imagery of apes, lesser men, primitives, children, madmen, and beings who possessed special powers" amidst a fear of invasion from the sleeping giant of Asia. Since its inception in the late 19th century, the idea of the Yellow Peril has colored the discourse regarding Asian Americans and has changed back and forth from overt, "racist hate," to endearing terms of what Frank Chin describes as "racist love." In times of war, competition or economic strife, Asian Americans are the evil enemy; in times of ease, Asian Americans are the model minority able to assimilate into American society. What remains the same is that the discrimination, whether overt or not, is always there.

Untitled Document


Yes, the majority of "us" Americans... as far as I can see are trying to assimilate with each other, have respect, love for each other. Though unfortunantly the lowest common denominators are often held up as the norm, meant to pit us against each other and tell us the lie that nothing has changed.

Its no supprise that most of race hatred dpromotion comes from the great minds that also promote socialism and in the extreme, Communism. As the Great Karl Marx taught us the best way to break down a society is to pit each part of society against each other. Got to break it down before you can build it back up into a model of utopia.
I dont disagree with all your points. racism still exists and a people, US blacks have historically suffered the most next to native Americans.
But its no reason to break it all down and throw it away because what you will end up leaving your grandkids will be something much less after we fall apart. Problem with revolutionaries is they dont know how to govern once its all over. They can just say ooops, sorry, my bad .

What is revolutionary about demands to be treated equally and have the government take the necessary steps to repair the damage it caused? And when you talk about the inability to govern our system is the poster child.

What has changed yarddog? Look at what whites here are posting. You would have read the same shit in 1719, 1819, and 1919 if there was an internet. Change includes the attitudes of people. Less racism is not change. No racism is change. And it is from the lowest we get told things are in the past while we see them going on. And these are the people telling you that totalitarianism is socialism.

Karl Marx has nothing to do with this conversation. The division here was created by a variety of white lawmakers since 1618. America was divided before Marx was thought about. And those of us opposing racism are about ending the division, not keeping it. Those who say our opposition to racism, those who oppose that opposition, are the ones keeping us divided. This country has never been unified and to pretend it was is quite frankly, crazy.
 
Some of us here need to remember from whence they came. Most notably the asians around here sounding like white supremacists.

The Malleable Yet Undying Nature of the Yellow Peril

Tim Yang

Racial stereotypes don't die; they don't even fade away. Though Asian Americans today have "achieved" model minority status in the eyes of the white majority in America by "pulling ourselves up by our bootstraps" through our supposedly quiet, dignified demeanor and gritty, "overachieving" work ethic, the terms of the racial discrimination we face remain the same today as they have since the first Asians began settling en masse in the United States more than a century and a half ago. At the root of this discrimination is the idea of a "Yellow Peril," which, in the words of John Dower is "the core imagery of apes, lesser men, primitives, children, madmen, and beings who possessed special powers" amidst a fear of invasion from the sleeping giant of Asia. Since its inception in the late 19th century, the idea of the Yellow Peril has colored the discourse regarding Asian Americans and has changed back and forth from overt, "racist hate," to endearing terms of what Frank Chin describes as "racist love." In times of war, competition or economic strife, Asian Americans are the evil enemy; in times of ease, Asian Americans are the model minority able to assimilate into American society. What remains the same is that the discrimination, whether overt or not, is always there.

Untitled Document
As if blacks didn't look bad enough, Asians make them look so much worse. It's the haard work and study I guess.

Not really. Blacks ended overt racism. Asians have benefited from our leadership on this matter.
Did I mention Asians beg a lot less and are far less whiny?

They get that pride is important. You obviously don't.

Whites have begged for the past 242 years. STFU.
 
Some of us here need to remember from whence they came. Most notably the asians around here sounding like white supremacists.

The Malleable Yet Undying Nature of the Yellow Peril

Tim Yang

Racial stereotypes don't die; they don't even fade away. Though Asian Americans today have "achieved" model minority status in the eyes of the white majority in America by "pulling ourselves up by our bootstraps" through our supposedly quiet, dignified demeanor and gritty, "overachieving" work ethic, the terms of the racial discrimination we face remain the same today as they have since the first Asians began settling en masse in the United States more than a century and a half ago. At the root of this discrimination is the idea of a "Yellow Peril," which, in the words of John Dower is "the core imagery of apes, lesser men, primitives, children, madmen, and beings who possessed special powers" amidst a fear of invasion from the sleeping giant of Asia. Since its inception in the late 19th century, the idea of the Yellow Peril has colored the discourse regarding Asian Americans and has changed back and forth from overt, "racist hate," to endearing terms of what Frank Chin describes as "racist love." In times of war, competition or economic strife, Asian Americans are the evil enemy; in times of ease, Asian Americans are the model minority able to assimilate into American society. What remains the same is that the discrimination, whether overt or not, is always there.

Untitled Document
As if blacks didn't look bad enough, Asians make them look so much worse. It's the haard work and study I guess.

Not really. Blacks ended overt racism. Asians have benefited from our leadership on this matter.
Did I mention Asians beg a lot less and are far less whiny?

They get that pride is important. You obviously don't.

Whites have begged for the past 242 years. STFU.
If you grovel, I might. :)
 
Some of us here need to remember from whence they came. Most notably the asians around here sounding like white supremacists.

The Malleable Yet Undying Nature of the Yellow Peril

Tim Yang

Racial stereotypes don't die; they don't even fade away. Though Asian Americans today have "achieved" model minority status in the eyes of the white majority in America by "pulling ourselves up by our bootstraps" through our supposedly quiet, dignified demeanor and gritty, "overachieving" work ethic, the terms of the racial discrimination we face remain the same today as they have since the first Asians began settling en masse in the United States more than a century and a half ago. At the root of this discrimination is the idea of a "Yellow Peril," which, in the words of John Dower is "the core imagery of apes, lesser men, primitives, children, madmen, and beings who possessed special powers" amidst a fear of invasion from the sleeping giant of Asia. Since its inception in the late 19th century, the idea of the Yellow Peril has colored the discourse regarding Asian Americans and has changed back and forth from overt, "racist hate," to endearing terms of what Frank Chin describes as "racist love." In times of war, competition or economic strife, Asian Americans are the evil enemy; in times of ease, Asian Americans are the model minority able to assimilate into American society. What remains the same is that the discrimination, whether overt or not, is always there.

Untitled Document
As if blacks didn't look bad enough, Asians make them look so much worse. It's the haard work and study I guess.

Not really. Blacks ended overt racism. Asians have benefited from our leadership on this matter.
Did I mention Asians beg a lot less and are far less whiny?

They get that pride is important. You obviously don't.

Whites have begged for the past 242 years. STFU.
If you grovel, I might. :)

For whites like you groveling is a natural trait.
 
As if blacks didn't look bad enough, Asians make them look so much worse. It's the haard work and study I guess.

Not really. Blacks ended overt racism. Asians have benefited from our leadership on this matter.
Did I mention Asians beg a lot less and are far less whiny?

They get that pride is important. You obviously don't.

Whites have begged for the past 242 years. STFU.
If you grovel, I might. :)

For whites like you groveling is a natural trait.
You're right. Blacks grovelling for free stuff does seem like a natural trait indeed. After 70 years, it should.

See, Asians don't grovel. That's why they are respected.
 

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