Roosevelt's New Deal: Anti-Black Legislation

[rightwinger]

Don't whine...you're not getting your way.


But you can have some prunes and Geritol....

You have been pinned down on a topic of your own selection

You chose to run away

What an act of academic cowardice.

I understand your eternal need for remediation...but I have other obligations as well as the study that I do each day....


OK....what do you want???

You raised the OP topic that FDR was against blacks in the 1930s. To put your OP in historical context, I asked what policies were put forth in the 1930s by Republicans that helped blacks. Not Reconstruction, not 1950s......1930s America

 

[Ravi]

Every era has to be looked at from the perspective of the people of that era. Keep in mind, women had only gotten the vote ten years before. FDR brought about societal change but he could only move so fast

Fuck that bullshit. He was a racist piece of shit.

Still pissed Japan lost the war, aren't you?

He wanted so much to be a suicide bomber.

 

[rightwinger]

Don't whine...you're not getting your way.


But you can have some prunes and Geritol....

You have been pinned down on a topic of your own selection

You chose to run away

What an act of academic cowardice.

Oh....you're claiming that I was 'pinned down' because I chose to respond to the larger topic rather than your chosen time frame???

That's it?



Boob.


I destroyed your premise...i.e., that Republicans did not support black Americans.


Now...It is time, I believe, for you to don those horrid white orthopedic walking shoes, and matching belt, and waddle off, ‘else you may miss the ‘Early Bird Special’!




Do I have your permission to go now????

When asked to defend your OP, you chose to defend in a time period 60 years before and 20 years after. I have never proposed that Republicans did not support blacks....only that Conservatives did not support blacks and still do not

This old timer avoids Early Bird Specials and prefers to patronize Happy Hour

 

[Ravi]

The Lily-White Movement was an anti-civil-rights movement within the Republican Party in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The movement was a response to the political and socioeconomic gains made by African-Americans following the Civil War and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which eliminated slavery. Black leaders gained increasing influence in the party by organizing blacks as an important voting bloc. Conservative white groups attempted to eliminate this influence and recover white voters who had defected to the Democratic Party.

Lily-White Movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

[PoliticalChic]

The Lily-White Movement was an anti-civil-rights movement within the Republican Party in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The movement was a response to the political and socioeconomic gains made by African-Americans following the Civil War and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which eliminated slavery. Black leaders gained increasing influence in the party by organizing blacks as an important voting bloc. Conservative white groups attempted to eliminate this influence and recover white voters who had defected to the Democratic Party.

Lily-White Movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

It is mainly due to the air-brushing by the Leftist media that the Democrat Party avoids the position that it deserves in history.

To put it as succinctly as possible, the Democrat is the party of

slavery, segregation, sedition and secularism.

 

[Pheonixops]

What you misstate is that we on the Right never advanced the great man, Ronald Reagan, nor Governor Palin as God, or godlike....



1. The New York Time’s Judith Warner reported, “Many women- not too surprisingly – were dreaming about sex with the president [Obama]”. Sometimes a President Is Just a President - NYTimes.com

2. “…the Obamas are not just a beacon of hope, inspiration and “demigodlikeness,” Ibid.

3.. NBC’s Matt Lauer noted that “people” have called Obama “ ‘The Savior,’ ‘The Messiah,’ ‘The Messenger of Change,’ “ Today Show, NBC, October 20, 2008.

4. Andrea Mitchell- “but Obama is a rock star!" …” NBC’s Andrea Mitchell during MSNBC’s live coverage of the Democratic convention, July 27, 2004

5. “Obama seemed the political equivalent of a rainbow — a sudden preternatural event inspiring awe and ecstasy....” Time’s Joe Klein, October 23, 2006 cover story, "Why Barack Obama Could Be the Next President."

6. “…especially in Iowa, cradle of presidential contenders. Around here, they’re even naming babies after him."
— ABC Nightline co-anchor Terry Moran, Nov. 6, 2006


7. Obama is moving his audiences not just politically, but emotionally. Even some political commentators who’ve seen it all can’t help but gush.... — CBS’s Tracy Smith on the The Early Show, February 14.

8. "It’s almost hard to remain objective because it’s infectious…” — NBC reporter Lee Cowan in an MSNBC.com video about the Obama campaign posted January 7.



9. Co-host John Roberts: "I want to just stipulate at the beginning of this interview, we are declaring a Reverend Wright-free zone today. So, no questions about Reverend Wright....Is that okay with you?" Barack Obama: "Fair enough. That sounds just fine."— CNN’s American Morning, May 5.


10. Host Howard Kurtz: "Are journalists rooting for the Obama story?"
The Politico’s John Harris, referring to the Washington Post: "It wouldn’t surprise me that there’s some of that....A couple years ago, you would send a reporter out with Obama, and it was like they needed to go through detox when they came back — ‘Oh, he’s so impressive, he’s so charismatic,’ and we’re kind of like, ‘Down, boy.’"— Exchange on CNN’s Reliable Sources, January 13.


11. "I think there is a problem, though, with the media gushing over him too much. I don’t think he thinks that he’s all that, but the media does. I mean, the [Democratic convention] coverage after, that I was watching, from MSNBC, I mean these guys were ready to have sex with him."
— HBO’s Bill Maher on Real Time, August 29.


12. Chris Matthews: "If you're in [a room] with Obama, you feel the spirit moving." Book Monitor (Current Edition)

13. George Stephanopoulos rhapsodized, "We have not seen this kind of combination of star power and brain power and political muscle this early in a cabinet in our lifetimes."
George Stephanopoulos: Obama Cabinet Unparalleled in 'Brain Power' | NewsBusters.org

14. Time's Nancy Gibbs who opened this week's cover story by comparing Obama with Jesus: “Some princes are born in palaces. Some are born in mangers. But a few are born in the imagination, out of scraps of history and hope...” In the November 17 issue.

15. Liberal beliefs were summarized by “Harold Koplewicz, president of the Child Mind Institute, a center for psychiatric research and clinical care in Manhattan, remembers watching Obama at the Alfred E. Smith Memorial Fund Dinner in 2008, when the then-senator was a candidate. “It was truly extraordinary how much we expected Obama to do,” he says. “He was going to end war, end the recession, improve education, improve our image to the world, and provide universal health care. Whether or not he could actually do it wasn’t important. It was the belief in him that was.” Why Do American Voters Think Like Small Children? -- New York Magazine

16. Even going back to Andrew Jackson, father of the Democratic Party, we see the same kind of language used: “Was Jackson a rock star? Yes,… “He appeared to feel as a father surrounded by a numerous band of children,” one newspaper said, “happy in their affections and loving them with all a parent’s love.” http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/24/theater/24meacham.html More “staggering” crowds of admirers!

17. Today? Still mobs: the Hollywood celebrities pledge Go to 3:54: "I pledge to be a servant to our president and all mankind." Creepy? Demi Moore and Ashton Kutcher's I Pledge Video - YouTube

18. “Elena Kagan ’81 … watched Walter Cronkite usher in the news that Democratic candidate Elizabeth Holtzman had lost the race for one of New York’s Senate seats. And then she sat down and wept.” Reserved passion: Kagan

19. “Time's Margaret Carlson …introduced Hillary to the nation in January 1992 as an "amalgam of Betty Crocker, Mother Teresa and Oliver Wendell Holmes," a woman who "discusses educational reform....then hops into her fuel-efficient car with her perfectly behaved daughter for a day of good works." Guest Comment on NRO

20. Lance Morrow in Time magazine, July 12, 1999, about Hillary: “Hillary as a new archetype (somewhere between Eleanor and Evita, transcending both) at a moment when the civilization pivots, at last, decisively—perhaps for the first time since the advent of Christian patriarchy two millenniums ago—toward Woman.

21. Obama won a Nobel Prize based on his first twelve days in office.

22. “The moment was vintage Obama - emphasizing his zest for inquiry, his personal involvement, his willingness to make the tough call, his search for middle ground. If an Obama brand exists, it is his image as a probing, cerebral president conducting an exhaustive analysis of the issues so that the best ideas can emerge, and triumph.” Obama and oil drilling: How politics spilled into policy

23. BARACK OBAMA has been voted the sexiest politician in the world. Barack Obama voted world's sexiest politician - Daily Record [Ann Coulter referred to him as a ‘big-eared beanpole.’ The horror!]


Yechhh!

I need to take a shower after that.




But....just to prove how out of touch you post was...I double dog dare you to find comparable references to Reagan.....

Go ahead. I'll wait.

I hope I gave you enough time to "shower":

Stonekettle Station: The Deification of Ronald Reagan

I'll dry off....


...but, ops, you didn't, no matter the title of the piece, come close to the quotes I provided.

Did you read the link?


It called Reagan...."The image of the lifeguard seems to represent what Reagan..."



...and then, 'no saint...'

Sure doesn't indicate we make god-like figures out of our politicians.


Seems to indicate that you went to a government school....true?

LOL, I was in a hurry and had to run off for a bit, so I got a little lazy. I'm sure that you get my point, for a while there hannity pretty much deified Reagan on pretty much every show of his. Does the term Ronaldus Magnus ring a bell to you (limbaugh)? If you don't think that people were pretty doing the same with Palin there for a while, then we can agree to disagree.

I went to Catholic school, then government schools, how about you?

 

[OohPooPahDoo]

1. During the “old” Supreme Court, often referred to as the Lochner era, the court struck down laws that favored monopolies as violations of the “privileges and immunities” clauses of the 5th and 14th amendments. This meant that blacks (or any other less preferred group) had a powerful weapon in dealing with racial discrimination in the market place: the right to work for lower wages.


2. Up until the New Deal. The National Recovery Act (NRA…1933) established codes that required the payment of set wages for certain industries. And who established the codes? The same union-business folks who saw to the exclusion of blacks in the first place.

a. Set wages reduced an employer’s incentive to hire blacks.
Sitkofff, “A New Deal for Blacks,” p. 330-335.
Since there was no economic advantage in it, why engender the hostility of white workers?

b. Many employers either dismissed black workers and hired whites in their place, or eliminated the lower level jobs held by blacks because the mandated wages were above the value of the job.
Wolters, “Negroes and the Great Depression,” p. 122-123.



3. Section 7a of the NRA certified unions as exclusive bargaining agents. It became a vehicle to push Negroes out of an industry, and/or to make the union totally white. The black press referred to the act as “Negroes Ruined Again,” and “No Roosevelt Again.”
Williams, "Race & Economics," chapter five.



4. In 1935, the Supreme Court ruled the NRA unconstitutional. New Dealers mourned…but blacks cheered. Not for long- section 7a of the NRA became section 9 of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), called the Wagner Act (1935). Sure enough, unions became the sole collective bargaining unit. The Act banned company unions, and allowed barring non-members from employment. Wagner had dropped the anti-discrimination clause in order to gain union support. Most New Dealers thought that discrimination against blacks was an acceptable cost of economic recovery.
Sitkoff, Op.Cit., p.52.

a. Interesting to note the difference between the Roosevelt Court, and the ‘Lochner’ Court, in which Peckham wrote for the majority: “In the Court’s view, the hour limits therefore violated the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment, which says no state may “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” Lochner Isn

b. In two NLRB cases, in 1945, first the board ruled that a bargaining agent must represent all employees fairly (Lazarus & Brother)….then turned around and decided that segregation and exclusion of blacks from union membership was not an unfair labor practice (Atlanta Oak Flooring).




5. New Deal legislation was devastating for blacks. In 1930, the unemployment rate was 6.13% nationally…but only 5.17% for blacks. 1930 was the last year more whites than blacks would be unemployed. Vedder and Galloway, “Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in Twentieth-Century America,” table 1.3, p.8.

great I'll make sure not to vote for FDR this election.

 

[rightwinger]

American President: Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The American Franchise


Did the New Deal improve the lot of African Americans? The record is mixed. The aid provided by the New Deal to America's poor—black and white—was insufficient. Racism reared its head in the New Deal, often because federal programs were administered through local authorities or community leaders who brought their own racial biases to the table. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) offered white landowners cash for leaving their fields fallow, which they happily accepted; they, however, did not pass on their government checks to the black sharecroppers and tenant farmers who actually worked the land. Even in the North, blacks found that New Deal programs did not always treat them as well as whites.
There can be little doubt, however, that the New Deal in many instances was a boon to African Americans. In one sense, this was a question of degree. Aid to African-Americans prior to 1933, especially in the South, had been nearly non-existent; the federal help that did come with the New Deal, therefore, was significant. In addition, New Deal agencies like the WPA, the Public Works Administration (PWA), and the Farm Security Administration (FSA) grew more sensitive throughout the 1930s to the needs of African-Americans, largely because of the leadership of Roosevelt appointees at those agencies. Indeed, African Americans found significant allies in the administration, from Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes to the First Lady herself, Eleanor Roosevelt. Enough blacks, like Mary McLeod Bethune, found themselves in leadership positions that there was even talk of a "black Cabinet" of FDR advisers.

 

[elvis]

1. During the “old” Supreme Court, often referred to as the Lochner era, the court struck down laws that favored monopolies as violations of the “privileges and immunities” clauses of the 5th and 14th amendments. This meant that blacks (or any other less preferred group) had a powerful weapon in dealing with racial discrimination in the market place: the right to work for lower wages.


2. Up until the New Deal. The National Recovery Act (NRA…1933) established codes that required the payment of set wages for certain industries. And who established the codes? The same union-business folks who saw to the exclusion of blacks in the first place.

a. Set wages reduced an employer’s incentive to hire blacks.
Sitkofff, “A New Deal for Blacks,” p. 330-335.
Since there was no economic advantage in it, why engender the hostility of white workers?

b. Many employers either dismissed black workers and hired whites in their place, or eliminated the lower level jobs held by blacks because the mandated wages were above the value of the job.
Wolters, “Negroes and the Great Depression,” p. 122-123.



3. Section 7a of the NRA certified unions as exclusive bargaining agents. It became a vehicle to push Negroes out of an industry, and/or to make the union totally white. The black press referred to the act as “Negroes Ruined Again,” and “No Roosevelt Again.”
Williams, "Race & Economics," chapter five.



4. In 1935, the Supreme Court ruled the NRA unconstitutional. New Dealers mourned…but blacks cheered. Not for long- section 7a of the NRA became section 9 of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), called the Wagner Act (1935). Sure enough, unions became the sole collective bargaining unit. The Act banned company unions, and allowed barring non-members from employment. Wagner had dropped the anti-discrimination clause in order to gain union support. Most New Dealers thought that discrimination against blacks was an acceptable cost of economic recovery.
Sitkoff, Op.Cit., p.52.

a. Interesting to note the difference between the Roosevelt Court, and the ‘Lochner’ Court, in which Peckham wrote for the majority: “In the Court’s view, the hour limits therefore violated the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment, which says no state may “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” Lochner Isn

b. In two NLRB cases, in 1945, first the board ruled that a bargaining agent must represent all employees fairly (Lazarus & Brother)….then turned around and decided that segregation and exclusion of blacks from union membership was not an unfair labor practice (Atlanta Oak Flooring).




5. New Deal legislation was devastating for blacks. In 1930, the unemployment rate was 6.13% nationally…but only 5.17% for blacks. 1930 was the last year more whites than blacks would be unemployed. Vedder and Galloway, “Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in Twentieth-Century America,” table 1.3, p.8.

great I'll make sure not to vote for FDR this election.

I was thinking of writing him in.

 

[regent]

The bottom line is the Blacks voted Republican before FDR, and who did they vote for at the end of the New Deal and when did they change.

 

[Pheonixops]

The bottom line is the Blacks voted Republican before FDR, and who did they vote for at the end of the New Deal and when did they change.

Good question. I would like to see how some people answer that question and what they think the reason was for the switch from republican to democrat.

 

[PoliticalChic]

I hope I gave you enough time to "shower":

Stonekettle Station: The Deification of Ronald Reagan

I'll dry off....


...but, ops, you didn't, no matter the title of the piece, come close to the quotes I provided.

Did you read the link?


It called Reagan...."The image of the lifeguard seems to represent what Reagan..."



...and then, 'no saint...'

Sure doesn't indicate we make god-like figures out of our politicians.


Seems to indicate that you went to a government school....true?

LOL, I was in a hurry and had to run off for a bit, so I got a little lazy. I'm sure that you get my point, for a while there hannity pretty much deified Reagan on pretty much every show of his. Does the term Ronaldus Magnus ring a bell to you (limbaugh)? If you don't think that people were pretty doing the same with Palin there for a while, then we can agree to disagree.

I went to Catholic school, then government schools, how about you?

Lutheran school to start....

...then .....


(love this song)-


[ame=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVsXseZJPg0]Columbia University Fight Song: Roar, Lion, Roar! - YouTube[/ame]


...and some really good government schools between.

 

[rightwinger]

The sad fact is that a depression is a bad time to fight for civil rights. With millions of whites out of work, legislation to demand equal treatment for blacks was going nowhere.
FDR knew politically that he could not win this fight. So did the republicans who ignored the plight of blacks during the depression

 

[JakeStarkey]

This would get a D to a D+ in Government 101 at Columbia.

1. During the “old” Supreme Court, often referred to as the Lochner era, the court struck down laws that favored monopolies as violations of the “privileges and immunities” clauses of the 5th and 14th amendments. This meant that blacks (or any other less preferred group) had a powerful weapon in dealing with racial discrimination in the market place: the right to work for lower wages.


2. Up until the New Deal. The National Recovery Act (NRA…1933) established codes that required the payment of set wages for certain industries. And who established the codes? The same union-business folks who saw to the exclusion of blacks in the first place.

a. Set wages reduced an employer’s incentive to hire blacks.
Sitkofff, “A New Deal for Blacks,” p. 330-335.
Since there was no economic advantage in it, why engender the hostility of white workers?

b. Many employers either dismissed black workers and hired whites in their place, or eliminated the lower level jobs held by blacks because the mandated wages were above the value of the job.
Wolters, “Negroes and the Great Depression,” p. 122-123.



3. Section 7a of the NRA certified unions as exclusive bargaining agents. It became a vehicle to push Negroes out of an industry, and/or to make the union totally white. The black press referred to the act as “Negroes Ruined Again,” and “No Roosevelt Again.”
Williams, "Race & Economics," chapter five.



4. In 1935, the Supreme Court ruled the NRA unconstitutional. New Dealers mourned…but blacks cheered. Not for long- section 7a of the NRA became section 9 of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), called the Wagner Act (1935). Sure enough, unions became the sole collective bargaining unit. The Act banned company unions, and allowed barring non-members from employment. Wagner had dropped the anti-discrimination clause in order to gain union support. Most New Dealers thought that discrimination against blacks was an acceptable cost of economic recovery.
Sitkoff, Op.Cit., p.52.

a. Interesting to note the difference between the Roosevelt Court, and the ‘Lochner’ Court, in which Peckham wrote for the majority: “In the Court’s view, the hour limits therefore violated the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment, which says no state may “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” Lochner Isn

b. In two NLRB cases, in 1945, first the board ruled that a bargaining agent must represent all employees fairly (Lazarus & Brother)….then turned around and decided that segregation and exclusion of blacks from union membership was not an unfair labor practice (Atlanta Oak Flooring).




5. New Deal legislation was devastating for blacks. In 1930, the unemployment rate was 6.13% nationally…but only 5.17% for blacks. 1930 was the last year more whites than blacks would be unemployed. Vedder and Galloway, “Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in Twentieth-Century America,” table 1.3, p.8.

 

[PoliticalChic]

This would get a D to a D+ in Government 101 at Columbia.

1. During the “old” Supreme Court, often referred to as the Lochner era, the court struck down laws that favored monopolies as violations of the “privileges and immunities” clauses of the 5th and 14th amendments. This meant that blacks (or any other less preferred group) had a powerful weapon in dealing with racial discrimination in the market place: the right to work for lower wages.


2. Up until the New Deal. The National Recovery Act (NRA…1933) established codes that required the payment of set wages for certain industries. And who established the codes? The same union-business folks who saw to the exclusion of blacks in the first place.

a. Set wages reduced an employer’s incentive to hire blacks.
Sitkofff, “A New Deal for Blacks,” p. 330-335.
Since there was no economic advantage in it, why engender the hostility of white workers?

b. Many employers either dismissed black workers and hired whites in their place, or eliminated the lower level jobs held by blacks because the mandated wages were above the value of the job.
Wolters, “Negroes and the Great Depression,” p. 122-123.



3. Section 7a of the NRA certified unions as exclusive bargaining agents. It became a vehicle to push Negroes out of an industry, and/or to make the union totally white. The black press referred to the act as “Negroes Ruined Again,” and “No Roosevelt Again.”
Williams, "Race & Economics," chapter five.



4. In 1935, the Supreme Court ruled the NRA unconstitutional. New Dealers mourned…but blacks cheered. Not for long- section 7a of the NRA became section 9 of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), called the Wagner Act (1935). Sure enough, unions became the sole collective bargaining unit. The Act banned company unions, and allowed barring non-members from employment. Wagner had dropped the anti-discrimination clause in order to gain union support. Most New Dealers thought that discrimination against blacks was an acceptable cost of economic recovery.
Sitkoff, Op.Cit., p.52.

a. Interesting to note the difference between the Roosevelt Court, and the ‘Lochner’ Court, in which Peckham wrote for the majority: “In the Court’s view, the hour limits therefore violated the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment, which says no state may “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” Lochner Isn

b. In two NLRB cases, in 1945, first the board ruled that a bargaining agent must represent all employees fairly (Lazarus & Brother)….then turned around and decided that segregation and exclusion of blacks from union membership was not an unfair labor practice (Atlanta Oak Flooring).




5. New Deal legislation was devastating for blacks. In 1930, the unemployment rate was 6.13% nationally…but only 5.17% for blacks. 1930 was the last year more whites than blacks would be unemployed. Vedder and Galloway, “Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in Twentieth-Century America,” table 1.3, p.8.

On what possible basis would you be able to judge anything outside of pork rinds and Baskin-Robbins double scoops?

 

[rightwinger]

This would get a D to a D+ in Government 101 at Columbia.

1. During the “old” Supreme Court, often referred to as the Lochner era, the court struck down laws that favored monopolies as violations of the “privileges and immunities” clauses of the 5th and 14th amendments. This meant that blacks (or any other less preferred group) had a powerful weapon in dealing with racial discrimination in the market place: the right to work for lower wages.


2. Up until the New Deal. The National Recovery Act (NRA…1933) established codes that required the payment of set wages for certain industries. And who established the codes? The same union-business folks who saw to the exclusion of blacks in the first place.

a. Set wages reduced an employer’s incentive to hire blacks.
Sitkofff, “A New Deal for Blacks,” p. 330-335.
Since there was no economic advantage in it, why engender the hostility of white workers?

b. Many employers either dismissed black workers and hired whites in their place, or eliminated the lower level jobs held by blacks because the mandated wages were above the value of the job.
Wolters, “Negroes and the Great Depression,” p. 122-123.



3. Section 7a of the NRA certified unions as exclusive bargaining agents. It became a vehicle to push Negroes out of an industry, and/or to make the union totally white. The black press referred to the act as “Negroes Ruined Again,” and “No Roosevelt Again.”
Williams, "Race & Economics," chapter five.



4. In 1935, the Supreme Court ruled the NRA unconstitutional. New Dealers mourned…but blacks cheered. Not for long- section 7a of the NRA became section 9 of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), called the Wagner Act (1935). Sure enough, unions became the sole collective bargaining unit. The Act banned company unions, and allowed barring non-members from employment. Wagner had dropped the anti-discrimination clause in order to gain union support. Most New Dealers thought that discrimination against blacks was an acceptable cost of economic recovery.
Sitkoff, Op.Cit., p.52.

a. Interesting to note the difference between the Roosevelt Court, and the ‘Lochner’ Court, in which Peckham wrote for the majority: “In the Court’s view, the hour limits therefore violated the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment, which says no state may “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” Lochner Isn

b. In two NLRB cases, in 1945, first the board ruled that a bargaining agent must represent all employees fairly (Lazarus & Brother)….then turned around and decided that segregation and exclusion of blacks from union membership was not an unfair labor practice (Atlanta Oak Flooring).




5. New Deal legislation was devastating for blacks. In 1930, the unemployment rate was 6.13% nationally…but only 5.17% for blacks. 1930 was the last year more whites than blacks would be unemployed. Vedder and Galloway, “Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in Twentieth-Century America,” table 1.3, p.8.

Columbia doesn't reward cut and paste?

 

[Unkotare]

Did the New Deal improve the lot of African Americans? .

You mean 'the Raw Deal.'

 

[PoliticalChic]

This would get a D to a D+ in Government 101 at Columbia.

1. During the “old” Supreme Court, often referred to as the Lochner era, the court struck down laws that favored monopolies as violations of the “privileges and immunities” clauses of the 5th and 14th amendments. This meant that blacks (or any other less preferred group) had a powerful weapon in dealing with racial discrimination in the market place: the right to work for lower wages.


2. Up until the New Deal. The National Recovery Act (NRA…1933) established codes that required the payment of set wages for certain industries. And who established the codes? The same union-business folks who saw to the exclusion of blacks in the first place.

a. Set wages reduced an employer’s incentive to hire blacks.
Sitkofff, “A New Deal for Blacks,” p. 330-335.
Since there was no economic advantage in it, why engender the hostility of white workers?

b. Many employers either dismissed black workers and hired whites in their place, or eliminated the lower level jobs held by blacks because the mandated wages were above the value of the job.
Wolters, “Negroes and the Great Depression,” p. 122-123.



3. Section 7a of the NRA certified unions as exclusive bargaining agents. It became a vehicle to push Negroes out of an industry, and/or to make the union totally white. The black press referred to the act as “Negroes Ruined Again,” and “No Roosevelt Again.”
Williams, "Race & Economics," chapter five.



4. In 1935, the Supreme Court ruled the NRA unconstitutional. New Dealers mourned…but blacks cheered. Not for long- section 7a of the NRA became section 9 of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), called the Wagner Act (1935). Sure enough, unions became the sole collective bargaining unit. The Act banned company unions, and allowed barring non-members from employment. Wagner had dropped the anti-discrimination clause in order to gain union support. Most New Dealers thought that discrimination against blacks was an acceptable cost of economic recovery.
Sitkoff, Op.Cit., p.52.

a. Interesting to note the difference between the Roosevelt Court, and the ‘Lochner’ Court, in which Peckham wrote for the majority: “In the Court’s view, the hour limits therefore violated the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment, which says no state may “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” Lochner Isn

b. In two NLRB cases, in 1945, first the board ruled that a bargaining agent must represent all employees fairly (Lazarus & Brother)….then turned around and decided that segregation and exclusion of blacks from union membership was not an unfair labor practice (Atlanta Oak Flooring).




5. New Deal legislation was devastating for blacks. In 1930, the unemployment rate was 6.13% nationally…but only 5.17% for blacks. 1930 was the last year more whites than blacks would be unemployed. Vedder and Galloway, “Out of Work: Unemployment and Government in Twentieth-Century America,” table 1.3, p.8.

Columbia doesn't reward cut and paste?

There is an institution that might be willing to accept you based on your repetition and the dribbling....

...the interview would do it.

 

[Unkotare]

This would get a D to a D+ in Government 101 at Columbia.

How would you know?

 

[JakeStarkey]

Sigh. Project much?

This would get a D to a D+ in Government 101 at Columbia.

Columbia doesn't reward cut and paste?

There is an institution that might be willing to accept you based on your repetition and the dribbling....

...the interview would do it.