Physical proof that American blacks are more likely to drown

[ApostateAbe]

American blacks are many times more likely to drown than whites (Racial Ethnic Disparities in Fatal Unintentional Drowning Among Persons Aged 29 Years United States 1999 2010 fulfilling the crude racial stereotype that "blacks can't swim." It could be just a cultural difference (fewer blacks have learned to swim therefore more drowning), but the physical data seems to have predictive power: blacks are more likely to drown due to different body densities. I will lay out the data and the math. Check the math, if you are so kind. I don't claim the math is infallible.

The study "Prediction of Body Density from Skinfolds in Black and White Young Men," (Swimming Pool Drownings Among US Residents Aged 5 24 Years Understanding Racial Ethnic Disparities published in Human Biology in 1988, found that young white men have an average body density 1.065 g/mL, with a standard deviation of 0.012 g/mL, and young black men have an average body density of 1.075 g/ml, with a standard deviation of 0.015 g/mL. The difference in body densities may follow from a difference in bone density (Measures of body composition in blacks and whites a comparative review a difference in muscle mass (Muscularity in adult humans proportion of adipose tissue-free body mass as skeletal muscle. - PubMed - NCBI a difference in lung size (http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/160/9/893.full.pdf), or a combination of these differences. This would not be to imply that blacks have a selective disadvantage: the greater bone density of blacks may mean significantly less incidence of osteoporosis (Defining ethnic and racial differences in osteoporosis and fragility fractures. - PubMed - NCBI

The average weight of a young man with the given densities per the study is about 80 kg or 175 lbs.

For an 80 kg black man, his volume is:
80 kg/(1.075 g/mL)= 74.4 L

For an 80 kg white man, his volume is:
80 kg/(1.065 g/mL)= 75.1 L

It is a difference of 0.7 L, or 0.7 L*(1.07 g/mL) = 750 g = 1.65 lb of extra buoyancy force for whites than for blacks.

So, the average black man in a swimming pool is like the average white man but wearing an extra 1.65 lb or gold chains (I choose gold chains for their very high density, not for the racial caricature). Doesn't seem like so much, but it makes a bigger difference when looking at the right tail ends of the body density distributions of each race.

Given a racial density difference of 0.01 g/mL, this means the average body densities of whites and blacks are about 0.83 white standard deviations apart and about 0.66 black standard deviations apart.

Using a z-score calculator (z score Calculator assuming an extra weight of 1.65 lb, with z=0.66 black standard deviations, Q is 0.25, and it means that 75% of blacks are like the average white but with at least an extra 1.65 lb of gold chains. With z=0.83 white standard deviations, Q is 0.20, so only 20% of whites are like the average white with at least an extra 1.65 lb of gold chains.

Now we look at the right tail ends. What if it is a body density equal to an extra 5-pound weight of gold chains? For whites, this is 5 lb*(0.83 SD/1.65 lb)= 2.52 standard deviations above the white mean. This means Q is 0.005868, or 1 in 170. One in 170 whites have a body density equal to an extra 5-pound weight in gold chains. But, for blacks, this is 5 lb*(0.66 SD/1.65 lb)= 2 black standard deviations above the white mean and equal to 2 minus 0.66 black standard deviations equals 1.33 black standard deviations above the black mean. Another way to calculate this is that 5 pounds of extra weight for the average white is just 5-1.65=3.35 pounds of extra weight for the average black, and 3.35 lb*(0.66 bSD/1.65 lb) = 1.34 black standard deviations above the black mean. For z=1.34, this means Q is 0.090123 or 1 in 11.

So, 1 in 11 black men is like the average white man but with an extra five-pound weight in gold chains, and this is 15 times as many blacks as whites.

The amount of air in the lungs needed to compensate for five pounds worth of extra density is:

5 lb/(density of fluid) =
2.26 kg/(1 kg/L) = 2.3 L

So, 2.3 extra liters of air are needed to compensate for five extra pounds of gold chains. The extra air intake above normal intake from extra inhalation is 3.0 liters (IRV = 3.0 L per RESPIRATORY VOLUME MEASUREMENTS an intermediate portion of which is typically necessary to achieve positive buoyancy, as all human bodies at rest are denser than water; without taking in an extra breath of air while swimming, you are more likely to sink. The 2.3 L is a significant cut.

Therefore, American blacks are much more likely to drown than American whites.

None of this is to claim that differences in average body density is the dominant explanation for any and all group differences. Differences in psychological swimming ability also have a significant effect, and they PROBABLY have an effect on the racial drowning differences. But, if there exists differences in psychological swimming ability between the races, then differences in average body density would likewise predict that, too: you are less likely to learn to swim if such learning is physically more difficult. And, regardless, any significance of such an explanation does not minimize the predictive power of the data concerning body densities and the physical predictions that follow.

 

[ScienceRocks]

not my fault

 

[Derideo_Te]

Lack of access to swimming pools as children therefore less opportunity for learning how to swim is probably a greater predictor of drowning for all races than a mere 1% difference in body density.

 

[Pogo]

I've never learned to swim, partly because I don't float. I plummet. Straight down. No idea what my density numbers are but I'm not black.



I just stay the fuck away from (deep) water.

 

[HereWeGoAgain]

Because waters racist....

 

[ApostateAbe]

Lack of access to swimming pools as children therefore less opportunity for learning how to swim is probably a greater predictor of drowning for all races than a mere 1% difference in body density.

I did the math, and it proves the 1% difference matters. The 1% difference is actually a 15% difference when the density of water is used as the baseline, as it should be. 0 is not the informative baseline. 1 g/mL is the baseline.

 

[Derideo_Te]

Lack of access to swimming pools as children therefore less opportunity for learning how to swim is probably a greater predictor of drowning for all races than a mere 1% difference in body density.

I did the math, and it proves the 1% difference matters. The 1% difference is actually a 15% difference when the density of water is used as the baseline, as it should be. 0 is not the informative baseline. 1 g/mL is the baseline.

The gym where I swim has people of all races swimming and none of them have drowned.

Learning to swim is what keeps people from drowning in swimming pools.

 

[ApostateAbe]

Lack of access to swimming pools as children therefore less opportunity for learning how to swim is probably a greater predictor of drowning for all races than a mere 1% difference in body density.

I did the math, and it proves the 1% difference matters. The 1% difference is actually a 15% difference when the density of water is used as the baseline, as it should be. 0 is not the informative baseline. 1 g/mL is the baseline.

The gym where I swim has people of all races swimming and none of them have drowned.

Learning to swim is what keeps people from drowning in swimming pools.

No disagreement. You can typically learn to swim regardless of how much more likely you are to drown from increased body density, and the risk of blacks drowning is relatively high but still low in the big scheme. Only one in a thousand blacks ever drown.

 

[Luddly Neddite]

I wonder if the OP has trouble typing while wearing a white sheet. He really needs to crawl back under this slimy rock.

 

[ApostateAbe]

Luddly Neddite, spot the drowning child.

Full story at The Daily Mail.

This is how such information is best used. Bill Nye contradicts himself between the second and third sentences, but the quote is still taken perfectly seriously by people who are trying to do the right thing. But if you want to do the right thing, then do so with the truth, not with delusion. Black lives matter, more than dogma.

 

[Pogo]

Bill Nye contradicts himself between the second and third sentences

How?

 

[ApostateAbe]

Bill Nye contradicts himself between the second and third sentences

How?

Populations of the same species with varying allele frequencies due to varying geographies is the evolutionary definition of races. The theory of evolution would be impossible without races, and the human species is no exception. American anthropologists tend to disbelieve in race, but not evolutionary biologists and not anthropologists globally.

 

[Pogo]

Bill Nye contradicts himself between the second and third sentences

How?

Populations of the same species with varying allele frequencies due to varying geographies is the evolutionary definition of races. The theory of evolution would be impossible without races, and the human species is no exception. American anthropologists tend to disbelieve in race, but not evolutionary biologists and not anthropologists globally.

And how does that make them different species?

And why would evolution be "impossible without races"?

 

[ApostateAbe]

Bill Nye contradicts himself between the second and third sentences

How?

Populations of the same species with varying allele frequencies due to varying geographies is the evolutionary definition of races. The theory of evolution would be impossible without races, and the human species is no exception. American anthropologists tend to disbelieve in race, but not evolutionary biologists and not anthropologists globally.

And how does that make them different species?

And how would evolution be "impossible without races"?

Not different species. Different races. Without races, then you would not have phylogenetic diversity. You would have one and only one species on the planet. That is because evolutionary divergence happens through populations diverging in their allele frequencies, mostly due to diverging geographies. That is how speciation (emergence of new species) works. If you would like a challenge, then tell me how evolutionary divergence works without races.

 

[ApostateAbe]

This is an illustration of the "speciation" processes from Wikipedia. The third row is where you have races (populations of differing allele frequencies) due to differences in geography, except for the sympatric process. They are not yet different species, but they are on their way. The fourth row is where the speciation process is complete and you have different species.

 

[Pogo]

Bill Nye contradicts himself between the second and third sentences

How?

Populations of the same species with varying allele frequencies due to varying geographies is the evolutionary definition of races. The theory of evolution would be impossible without races, and the human species is no exception. American anthropologists tend to disbelieve in race, but not evolutionary biologists and not anthropologists globally.

And how does that make them different species?

And how would evolution be "impossible without races"?

Not different species. Different races.

The statement on the image says "there is no such thing, scientifically, as race". "Scientifically" would mean a different species.

Without races, then you would not have phylogenetic diversity. You would have one and only one species on the planet.

You're telling us that if humans hadn't developed black and white and brown and red and yellow skins, there would be no platypi?

 

[Pogo]

This is an illustration of the "speciation" processes from Wikipedia. The third row is where you have races (populations of differing allele frequencies) due to differences in geography, except for the sympatric process. They are not yet different species, but they are on their way. The fourth row is where the speciation process is complete and you have different species.

So you're saying black and brown and red and yellow and white are not different species after all -- but are enroute to becoming different species?

 

[ApostateAbe]

So you're saying black and brown and red and yellow and white are not different species after all -- but are enroute to becoming different species?

That's right. There is a metric of genetic variation known as Fst, and human races have on average an Fst of 0.12. It takes an Fst of only 0.5 to have two different species (that is the Fst between chimpanzees and bonobos). That is not to claim that human races will eventually become different species, as increasing racial admixture may reverse the process.

 

[theHawk]

What the article didn't cover is the fact that blacks really don't like getting their hair wet, especially females.

Ever see a black woman without an umbrella when it's raining?

 

[Asclepias]

Bill Nye contradicts himself between the second and third sentences

How?

Populations of the same species with varying allele frequencies due to varying geographies is the evolutionary definition of races. The theory of evolution would be impossible without races, and the human species is no exception. American anthropologists tend to disbelieve in race, but not evolutionary biologists and not anthropologists globally.

And how does that make them different species?

And how would evolution be "impossible without races"?

Not different species. Different races. Without races, then you would not have phylogenetic diversity. You would have one and only one species on the planet. That is because evolutionary divergence happens through populations diverging in their allele frequencies, mostly due to diverging geographies. That is how speciation (emergence of new species) works. If you would like a challenge, then tell me how evolutionary divergence works without races.

Easy. Someone mutates like the gene for white skin mutated and appeared in the south east asian area of the world. A couple of thousand years later white people showed up in europe. You dont need different races to evolve. All it takes is a mutation.

Light skin in Europeans stems from ONE 10 000-year-old ancestor who lived between India and the Middle East claims study Daily Mail Online