Now, About That 'White Supremacist' Thing

Or this one...

Your page doesn't exist.

3. . "Incomes Have Dropped Twice as Much During the 'Recovery' as During the Recession
. ...the Census Bureau's Current Population Survey ....indicate that the real (inflation-adjusted) median annual household income in America has fallen by 4.4 percent during the "recovery," after having fallen by 1.8 during the recession.
Incomes Have Dropped Twice as Much During the 'Recovery' as During the Recession

US_real_median_household_income._Timeline.png


Luckily for you we have a US Census dept which tracks that data. Which conflicts with your nonexistant "fact". In fact it shows Trump was handed the two back to back highest years of median income growth since that's been tracked 50 years ago.

Ouch.
 
There is this, the reality:

Tavis Smiley: 'Black People Will Have Lost Ground in Every Single Economic Indicator' Under Obama
Tavis Smiley: 'Black People Will Have Lost Ground in Every Single Economic Indicator' Under Obama

I'll simplify this. Your quote there. Did poverty rates, unemployment, and median wage go up or down from the start to the end of Obama's presidency?

You call that "the reality".. Support your "reality".


Economics?????

You want a lesson on economics????

Sure thing......

Obama was not just the most destructive President....he was the most incompetent.





Let's prove it together: watch this-




1... in today’s recovery — the slowest in the modern era going back to 1947 — private capital investment has lagged badly. ... so has the jobs situation, with 92 million dropping out of the workforce altogether. A labor-participation rate of 62.8% and an employment-to-population rate of 58% are historic lows indicative of the anemic jobs recovery. Big Business Swings Behind a Mantra of Growth - The New York Sun


2. Tavis Smiley: 'Black People Will Have Lost Ground in Every Single Economic Indicator' Under Obama
Tavis Smiley: 'Black People Will Have Lost Ground in Every Single Economic Indicator' Under Obama

["BET Founder: Trump’s economy bringing black workers back into the workforce"

BET Founder: Trump's economy bringing black workers back into the workforce]




3. . "Incomes Have Dropped Twice as Much During the 'Recovery' as During the Recession
. ...the Census Bureau's Current Population Survey ....indicate that the real (inflation-adjusted) median annual household income in America has fallen by 4.4 percent during the "recovery," after having fallen by 1.8 during the recession.
Incomes Have Dropped Twice as Much During the 'Recovery' as During the Recession


4. . In a stunning Tuesday report, Gallup CEO and Chairman Jim Clifton revealed that “for the first time in 35 years, American business deaths now outnumber business births.”Clifton says for the past six years since 2008, employer business startups have fallen below the business failure rate, spurring what he calls “an underground earthquake” that only stands to worsen as lagging U.S. Census data becomes available.
“Let’s get one thing clear: This economy is never truly coming back unless we reverse the birth and death trends of American businesses,” writes Clifton."Economic Death Spiral: More American Businesses Dying Than Starting - Breitbart


5. "Surprise: U.S. Economic Data Have Been the World's Most Disappointing
It's not only the just-released University of Michigan consumer confidence report and February retail sales on Thursday that surprised economists and investors with another dose of underwhelming news. Overall, U.S. economic data have been falling short of prognosticators' expectations by the most in six years." Surprise: U.S. Economic Data Have Been the World's Most Disappointing

6. . "That basic math is why middle class incomes have been in decline under Obama. The Census Bureau reports that since Obama became President 7 years ago, real median household income has fallen by $1,300 a year. Heritage Foundation Chief Economist Steve Moore explained in testimony before the Ways and Means Committee, “At 2 percent growth the economy doesn’t spin off enough jobs to increase wages, and tax revenues grow much too slowly to balance the budget.”
The recession officially ended more than 6 years ago. Wages and incomes have always grown in recoveries, not declined. Moreover, the American historical record is the deeper the recession, the stronger the recovery. The economy is supposed to boom in a recovery to catch up with its long term economic growth trendline. But over 6 years after the recession ended, that still has not happened. Instead, what we have gotten under President Obama is the worst recovery from a recession since the Great Depression." Realizing The Super Bowl Of American Economic Growth



7. "Even if you leave out the first quarter of 2009—when the recession that started in December 2007 was still ongoing--President Barack Obama has presided over the lowest average first-quarter GDP growth of any president who has served since 1947, which is the earliest year for which the Bureau of Economic Analysis has calculated quarterly GDP growth. " http://www.cnsnews.com/blog/terence...-obama-has-lowest-average-1stq-gdp-growth-any


8. The Obama Administration is aggressively exploiting regulation to achieve its policy agenda, issuing 157 new major rules at a cost to Americans approaching $73 billion annually....twice the annual average of his predecessor George W. Bush. And much more regulation is on the way, with another 125 major rules on the Administration’s to-do list, including dozens linked to the Dodd–Frank financial regulation law and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, known as Obamacare. Red Tape Rising: Five Years of Regulatory Expansion


9. . "...take-home pay for many American workers has effectively fallen since the economic recovery began in 2009, according to a new study by an advocacy group that is to be released on Thursday.

The declines were greatest for the lowest-paid workers in sectors where hiring has been strong — home health care, food preparation and retailing — even though wages were already below average to begin with in those service industries.

“Stagnant wages are a problem for everyone at this point, but the imbalance in the economy has become more pronounced since the recession,”..." http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/03/b...rkers-see-biggest-drop-in-paychecks.html?_r=0


10. . "Obamacare health insurance co-ops surged past the $1 billion mark in losses this week, making history of sorts.The insolvencies, totaling $1.36 billion, mean that the co-ops have burned through more than half of the original $2 billion appropriatedin 2010 for the program under the Affordable Care Act. The funds were loaned to the start-up co-ops in 2012 and were to be repaid in 15 years, according to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, which manages Obamacare.


...13 of the 23 federally-financed Obamacare co-ops have officially failed in only two years. Most are in the process of default as insurance regulators attempt to pay customer’s medical bills, cover medical providers and pay other creditors.
Obamacare Co-Op Mess Causes $1.3 Billion In Losses


11. Obama is the first President never to have had a year of 3% or better economic growth: "... annual growth during Obama’s “recovery” has never topped 3%. By comparison, it never fell below 3% during the Reagan recovery. And in the nine years following the 1990-91 recession, GDP grew faster than 3% in all but two. Heck, even Jimmy Carter had some strong growth years." President Obama's Growth Gap Hits $1.31 Trillion | Investor's Business Daily

a. "The years since 2007 have been a macroeconomic disaster for the United States of a magnitude unprecedented since the Great Depression." Obama: Always Wrong, Never In Doubt

b. ".... first president since Hoover to never have a single year above 3% GDP growth."Hedge fund billionaire calls Obama economy 'amazing'



12. ".... calculating how much the debt increased during Obama's two terms. On January 20, 2009, when he was sworn in, the debt was $10.626 trillion. On January 20, 2017, it was $19.947 trillion. That's why most people say Obama added $9 trillion to the debt, more than any other president."
How Much Did Obama Add to the Nation's Debt?



13. "The Tipping Point: Most Americans No Longer Are Middle Class

December 9, 2015
A just-released analysis of government data shows that as of 2015, middle-income households have become the minority.


And middle-income Americans not only have shrunk as a share of the population but have fallen further behind financially, with their median income down 4 percent compared with the year 2000, Pew said."
The Tipping Point: Most Americans No Longer Are Middle Class



14. “Last week the Commerce Department released its third revision for fourth-quarter 2016 gross domestic product. The number came in at a paltry 2.1 percent, meaning that growth during President Obama’s final year in office — the end of an “Error of Hope” — landed with a big thud at just 1.6 percent.”
https://nypost.com/2017/04/01/obama-was-terrible-for-economic-growth/






In your face, booooooyyyyyyyyyeeeeeeeeee!!!!!!!


So you keep bringing up your "facts".

Lets take one.

2. Tavis Smiley: 'Black People Will Have Lost Ground in Every Single Economic Indicator' Under Obama
Tavis Smiley: 'Black People Will Have Lost Ground in Every Single Economic Indicator' Under Obama

Ok, which indicators? Which ones and sources?




African American unemployment from the Bureau of Labor.

January of 2009 (Month Obama took over) 12.7% unemployment

January 2017 (Month Obama left), 7.7% unemployment.

According to Census.gov, median income grew $5000 a year for African Americans under Obama.

Poverty rate dropped by over 6% for African Americans in Obama's tenure.


There's mine. The opposite of your "fact".



Nah.....let's take all of 'em.


Sooo.....did you get a gold star in government school?????




I have your cap here.....

dunce-cap-emily-kelley.jpg
 
Or this one...

Your page doesn't exist.

3. . "Incomes Have Dropped Twice as Much During the 'Recovery' as During the Recession
. ...the Census Bureau's Current Population Survey ....indicate that the real (inflation-adjusted) median annual household income in America has fallen by 4.4 percent during the "recovery," after having fallen by 1.8 during the recession.
Incomes Have Dropped Twice as Much During the 'Recovery' as During the Recession


US_real_median_household_income._Timeline.png


Luckily for you we have a US Census dept which tracks that data. Which conflicts with your nonexistant "fact". In fact it shows Trump was handed the two back to back highest years of median income growth since that's been tracked 50 years ago.

Ouch.




Of course it does, liar.


"Incomes Have Dropped Twice as Much During the 'Recovery' as During the Recession"
Incomes Have Dropped Twice as Much During the 'Recovery' as During the Recession




"President Obama likes to talk about income inequality, but what matters far more is the actual income of the typical American. And how has the typical American household income fared on Obama's watch? Well, the economic "recovery" has now spanned an Olympiad, and during that time the typical American household income has not only dropped—it has dropped more than twice as much as it did during the recession."


Obama....
... the dirt-eating low-life, crypto-Islamist, back-stabbing, infanticide-supporting incompetent snake with an unbroken record of failure, both as a President and as a human being....remember him?

 
There's that racism we all knew was there. Now I can see why you can't answer those simple questions.



Now for a dose of actual facts based in reality.

U.S. real (inflation-adjusted) median household income reached an all-time record of $59,039 in 2016, up an average of 4.1% over his last two years in office according to Census.gov

Under Trump that income growth the past two years has been cut in more than half averaging less than 2% per year.
 
There is this, the reality:

Tavis Smiley: 'Black People Will Have Lost Ground in Every Single Economic Indicator' Under Obama
Tavis Smiley: 'Black People Will Have Lost Ground in Every Single Economic Indicator' Under Obama

I'll simplify this. Your quote there. Did poverty rates, unemployment, and median wage go up or down from the start to the end of Obama's presidency?

You call that "the reality".. Support your "reality".


Economics?????

You want a lesson on economics????

Sure thing......

Obama was not just the most destructive President....he was the most incompetent.





Let's prove it together: watch this-




1... in today’s recovery — the slowest in the modern era going back to 1947 — private capital investment has lagged badly. ... so has the jobs situation, with 92 million dropping out of the workforce altogether. A labor-participation rate of 62.8% and an employment-to-population rate of 58% are historic lows indicative of the anemic jobs recovery. Big Business Swings Behind a Mantra of Growth - The New York Sun


2. Tavis Smiley: 'Black People Will Have Lost Ground in Every Single Economic Indicator' Under Obama
Tavis Smiley: 'Black People Will Have Lost Ground in Every Single Economic Indicator' Under Obama

["BET Founder: Trump’s economy bringing black workers back into the workforce"

BET Founder: Trump's economy bringing black workers back into the workforce]




3. . "Incomes Have Dropped Twice as Much During the 'Recovery' as During the Recession
. ...the Census Bureau's Current Population Survey ....indicate that the real (inflation-adjusted) median annual household income in America has fallen by 4.4 percent during the "recovery," after having fallen by 1.8 during the recession.
Incomes Have Dropped Twice as Much During the 'Recovery' as During the Recession


4. . In a stunning Tuesday report, Gallup CEO and Chairman Jim Clifton revealed that “for the first time in 35 years, American business deaths now outnumber business births.”Clifton says for the past six years since 2008, employer business startups have fallen below the business failure rate, spurring what he calls “an underground earthquake” that only stands to worsen as lagging U.S. Census data becomes available.
“Let’s get one thing clear: This economy is never truly coming back unless we reverse the birth and death trends of American businesses,” writes Clifton."Economic Death Spiral: More American Businesses Dying Than Starting - Breitbart


5. "Surprise: U.S. Economic Data Have Been the World's Most Disappointing
It's not only the just-released University of Michigan consumer confidence report and February retail sales on Thursday that surprised economists and investors with another dose of underwhelming news. Overall, U.S. economic data have been falling short of prognosticators' expectations by the most in six years." Surprise: U.S. Economic Data Have Been the World's Most Disappointing

6. . "That basic math is why middle class incomes have been in decline under Obama. The Census Bureau reports that since Obama became President 7 years ago, real median household income has fallen by $1,300 a year. Heritage Foundation Chief Economist Steve Moore explained in testimony before the Ways and Means Committee, “At 2 percent growth the economy doesn’t spin off enough jobs to increase wages, and tax revenues grow much too slowly to balance the budget.”
The recession officially ended more than 6 years ago. Wages and incomes have always grown in recoveries, not declined. Moreover, the American historical record is the deeper the recession, the stronger the recovery. The economy is supposed to boom in a recovery to catch up with its long term economic growth trendline. But over 6 years after the recession ended, that still has not happened. Instead, what we have gotten under President Obama is the worst recovery from a recession since the Great Depression." Realizing The Super Bowl Of American Economic Growth



7. "Even if you leave out the first quarter of 2009—when the recession that started in December 2007 was still ongoing--President Barack Obama has presided over the lowest average first-quarter GDP growth of any president who has served since 1947, which is the earliest year for which the Bureau of Economic Analysis has calculated quarterly GDP growth. " http://www.cnsnews.com/blog/terence...-obama-has-lowest-average-1stq-gdp-growth-any


8. The Obama Administration is aggressively exploiting regulation to achieve its policy agenda, issuing 157 new major rules at a cost to Americans approaching $73 billion annually....twice the annual average of his predecessor George W. Bush. And much more regulation is on the way, with another 125 major rules on the Administration’s to-do list, including dozens linked to the Dodd–Frank financial regulation law and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, known as Obamacare. Red Tape Rising: Five Years of Regulatory Expansion


9. . "...take-home pay for many American workers has effectively fallen since the economic recovery began in 2009, according to a new study by an advocacy group that is to be released on Thursday.

The declines were greatest for the lowest-paid workers in sectors where hiring has been strong — home health care, food preparation and retailing — even though wages were already below average to begin with in those service industries.

“Stagnant wages are a problem for everyone at this point, but the imbalance in the economy has become more pronounced since the recession,”..." http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/03/b...rkers-see-biggest-drop-in-paychecks.html?_r=0


10. . "Obamacare health insurance co-ops surged past the $1 billion mark in losses this week, making history of sorts.The insolvencies, totaling $1.36 billion, mean that the co-ops have burned through more than half of the original $2 billion appropriatedin 2010 for the program under the Affordable Care Act. The funds were loaned to the start-up co-ops in 2012 and were to be repaid in 15 years, according to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, which manages Obamacare.


...13 of the 23 federally-financed Obamacare co-ops have officially failed in only two years. Most are in the process of default as insurance regulators attempt to pay customer’s medical bills, cover medical providers and pay other creditors.
Obamacare Co-Op Mess Causes $1.3 Billion In Losses


11. Obama is the first President never to have had a year of 3% or better economic growth: "... annual growth during Obama’s “recovery” has never topped 3%. By comparison, it never fell below 3% during the Reagan recovery. And in the nine years following the 1990-91 recession, GDP grew faster than 3% in all but two. Heck, even Jimmy Carter had some strong growth years." President Obama's Growth Gap Hits $1.31 Trillion | Investor's Business Daily

a. "The years since 2007 have been a macroeconomic disaster for the United States of a magnitude unprecedented since the Great Depression." Obama: Always Wrong, Never In Doubt

b. ".... first president since Hoover to never have a single year above 3% GDP growth."Hedge fund billionaire calls Obama economy 'amazing'



12. ".... calculating how much the debt increased during Obama's two terms. On January 20, 2009, when he was sworn in, the debt was $10.626 trillion. On January 20, 2017, it was $19.947 trillion. That's why most people say Obama added $9 trillion to the debt, more than any other president."
How Much Did Obama Add to the Nation's Debt?



13. "The Tipping Point: Most Americans No Longer Are Middle Class

December 9, 2015
A just-released analysis of government data shows that as of 2015, middle-income households have become the minority.


And middle-income Americans not only have shrunk as a share of the population but have fallen further behind financially, with their median income down 4 percent compared with the year 2000, Pew said."
The Tipping Point: Most Americans No Longer Are Middle Class



14. “Last week the Commerce Department released its third revision for fourth-quarter 2016 gross domestic product. The number came in at a paltry 2.1 percent, meaning that growth during President Obama’s final year in office — the end of an “Error of Hope” — landed with a big thud at just 1.6 percent.”
https://nypost.com/2017/04/01/obama-was-terrible-for-economic-growth/






In your face, booooooyyyyyyyyyeeeeeeeeee!!!!!!!


So you keep bringing up your "facts".

Lets take one.

2. Tavis Smiley: 'Black People Will Have Lost Ground in Every Single Economic Indicator' Under Obama
Tavis Smiley: 'Black People Will Have Lost Ground in Every Single Economic Indicator' Under Obama

Ok, which indicators? Which ones and sources?




African American unemployment from the Bureau of Labor.

January of 2009 (Month Obama took over) 12.7% unemployment

January 2017 (Month Obama left), 7.7% unemployment.

According to Census.gov, median income grew $5000 a year for African Americans under Obama.

Poverty rate dropped by over 6% for African Americans in Obama's tenure.


There's mine. The opposite of your "fact".



Nah.....let's take all of 'em.


Sooo.....did you get a gold star in government school?????




I have your cap here.....

dunce-cap-emily-kelley.jpg

It seems answering a single one of them is beyond your comprehension... Is english your first language or am I talking to proof that human comprehension can't be put into a russian bot?
 
Or this one...

Your page doesn't exist.

3. . "Incomes Have Dropped Twice as Much During the 'Recovery' as During the Recession
. ...the Census Bureau's Current Population Survey ....indicate that the real (inflation-adjusted) median annual household income in America has fallen by 4.4 percent during the "recovery," after having fallen by 1.8 during the recession.
Incomes Have Dropped Twice as Much During the 'Recovery' as During the Recession


US_real_median_household_income._Timeline.png


Luckily for you we have a US Census dept which tracks that data. Which conflicts with your nonexistant "fact". In fact it shows Trump was handed the two back to back highest years of median income growth since that's been tracked 50 years ago.

Ouch.




Of course it does, liar.


"Incomes Have Dropped Twice as Much During the 'Recovery' as During the Recession"
Incomes Have Dropped Twice as Much During the 'Recovery' as During the Recession



It's 2019... Why can you only find out information from 2010 and 2013 or before making "predictions" on what will happen in 2015 and 2016.

Are you limiting yourself intentionally to blocking out all the years of his presidency? Or just so slow you haven't caught up yet?

Next cool "factual" article while we are on the topic of really really bad predictions...

"With over fifteen types of foreign cars already on sale here, the Japanese auto industry isn't likely to carve out a big share of the market for itself." -- Business Week, 1968.


I'm sure you are still buying that prediction too aren't ya honey?
 
There's that racism we all knew was there. Now I can see why you can't answer those simple questions.



Now for a dose of actual facts based in reality.

U.S. real (inflation-adjusted) median household income reached an all-time record of $59,039 in 2016, up an average of 4.1% over his last two years in office according to Census.gov

Under Trump that income growth the past two years has been cut in more than half averaging less than 2% per year.



I believe I've spanked you enough today.


Slither off, dunce.
 
So no you don't have an answer to any of those facts which counter your inaccurate claims...

Got it.

Yes it is dumb arguing with a racist like yourself who can't even understand basic facts..

Thanks for debunking yourself. Bravo. I couldn't have destroyed your argument any harder than you did yourself.
 
you tried to defend and erase racism...

When I used actual facts and your own sources which conflicted with your accounts and asked you simple questions to defend them against those actual facts even using your own sources, you fell apart decided to turn to name-calling instead.

The underlying problem is you cannot defend someones racism with facts. It just doesn't hold up. Thanks for playing and proving that to us all.
 
Neither being white, nor using the term 'white supremacists,' I looked up the term.

"a person who believes that the white race is inherently superior to other races and that white people should have control over people of other races"
Definition of WHITE SUPREMACIST

"whites will become a racial minority."

And why does he want Whites to have the majority?

"When whites become a “racial minority,” they won’t be treated well"

So he wants the majority to keep control over people of other races that way they can't treat whites poorly.

Literally a textbook example of your definition.

And Arthur Jones. Republican candidate in Illinois. member of the National Socialist White People's Party, and speaker for KKK events.

Said he was upset Trump "surrounded himself with hordes of Jews including a Jew in his own family, that punk named Jared Kushner", and moved on to say that Trump was "nothing but a puppet … this Jew-loving fool"



You linked to my post....and appear to be quoting me.....but I never said any of those things.


Here's what I say: there are no white supremacists, at least not in actual officials or well known folks on the Right.



And I prove it here:

There are no white supremacists. The term is a created 'term of art' to camouflage the real villains, the Democrats.

Neither being white, nor using the term 'white supremacists,' I looked up the term.

"a person who believes that the white race is inherently superior to other races and that white people should have control over people of other races"
Definition of WHITE SUPREMACIST


I really can't get too excited, nor see it as a pejorative, if any individual of any race sees his/her group as the very best, i.e., superior to any other group.
The proof that it is a made-up smear, a chimera....the usual strategy of the Left, is the secondary phrase in the definition..."and that white people should have control over people of other races"


Clearly this is totally bogus.

Or....let's see some examples of any American leaders, white, black, yellow....who demand "control over people of other races"

There are none.
QED....there is no such thing as "white supremacists."




Remember this:

I publish truth with the diligence of a UN translator.





There are no elected "white supremacists" .....it is simply one more hoax designed to have simpletons vote Democrat.

Or....let's see some examples of any American leaders, white, black, yellow....who demand "control over people of other races"

There are none.
QED....there is no such thing as "white supremacists."

The real reason the Democrat push this bogus view is that without the black vote, they would never win a national election.....and, if it causes division and violence...that Party couldn't care less.





"Syracuse Chancellor: White Supremacist Manifesto ‘Probably a Hoax’

Posted by Mary Chastain Thursday, November 21, 2019 at 3:00pm

“To date, law enforcement has not been able to locate a single individual who directly received an AirDrop.”

Earlier this week, Syracuse University police investigated reports of a white supremacist manifesto appeared on an online forum and distributed to students via AirDrop on their phones at the library.

Chancellor Kent Syverud announced today “the rumor was probably a hoax.”


From Syracuse.com:

“To date, law enforcement has not been able to locate a single individual who directly received an AirDrop. Not one,” Syverud said. “It was apparent that this rumor was probably a hoax, but that reality was not communicated clearly and rapidly enough to get ahead of escalating anxiety.”

He said law enforcement had not identified anyone responsible for the spreading of the manifesto, connected to mosque shootings in New Zealand earlier this year."
Syracuse Chancellor: White Supremacist Manifesto 'Probably a Hoax'
 
Just days ago, Syracuse University’s chancellor said the school believes recent racist activity on campus was a hoax.

USA Today reports:

Arrest made at Syracuse, chancellor bows to student demands as racist hate incidents continue

The Syracuse Police Department has made an arrest after a series of new graffiti markings were discovered on school grounds, authorities said Thursday.

The announcement came hours after Syracuse Chancellor Ken Syverud agreed to the demands of students protesting the university’s handling of a two-week run of almost daily racist, anti-Semitic incidents that have prompted tension on the campus 250 miles north of New York City.

Kym McGowan, 18, was arrested on charges of fourth-degree criminal mischief and marking graffiti, both misdemeanors, police said. She was released on an appearance ticket.

City police said McGowan was connected to four incidents of graffiti in and around a garage and the school’s library. That graffiti, however, appeared to be supporting the anti-racism protests on the campus. It was not immediately clear whether the arrest was related to any of the prior incidents.

https://twitter.com/MrAndyNgo/status/1198175045727617024

Kym McGowan, a social justice activist, has been arrested & charged at @SyracuseU for allegedly vandalizing the campus w/graffiti in midst of the race panic. Earlier this week, it was revealed that the white supremacist manifesto distribution was a hoax. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/11/21/syracuse-racist-incidents-chancellor-signs-off-student-demands/4257335002/ …





Hoaxes, violence and ending free speech......the core values of Liberals.
 
They do these hoax's like Jussie did to advance their racist narrative which as we know is totally false.
 

Forum List

Back
Top